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. 2020 Jun 2;43(4):539–575. doi: 10.1007/s13402-020-00519-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1. — A proposed simplified model of the association between inflammation and oncogenesis. A. Common risk factors for cancers described in the text and their proinflammatory potential. Inflammation can be triggered by risk factors for cancer and long-term exposure to these factors can lead to permanent changes in cell structure and signaling associated with neoplastic transformation. B Hypoxia and proangiogenic activity are responsible for modifying the tumor microenvironment. The secretory activity of cancer cells leads to a change in the polarization of immune cells, which increases immunosuppression and causes cancer progression