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. 2020 Jun 2;43(4):539–575. doi: 10.1007/s13402-020-00519-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — The prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and other immune cells depends on various parameters at both cellular and tissue levels. The tumor microenvironment (TME), the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cancer cells affect the host’s adaptive immune response. On the other hand, the subtype, immunophenotype, microanatomical location and activity of inflammatory cells in the TME shape tumor immunity, which may have a pronounced effect on the patient’s clinical condition. The figure shows known molecular and tissue features (red stars) that have prognostic value due to their effect on inflammatory cells acting in the vicinity of the tumor.