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. 2020 Jul 9;8:651. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00651

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Copyright © 2020 Longoni, Pennings, Cuenca Lopera, van Rijen, Peperzak, Rosenberg, Levato and Gawlitta.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Evaluation of bone formation in the defect area. (A) The 3D microCT reconstructions of the defect areas after 12 weeks highlight the presence of mineralized areas with the shape of the implanted cartilaginous spheroids in the allogeneic and xenogeneic groups. (B) Heterogeneous results were observed in the allogeneic group, with 2/8 full bridging of the defect (25%) whereas 7/7 defects were bridged in the syngeneic group (100%). (C) Quantification of the mineralization over time confirmed that new bone formation was enhanced in the syngeneic group. (D) Results of the histomorphometric analysis performed 12 weeks post-implantation presented a similar trend. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; and ***p < 0.001. ns: not significant.