Table 2.
Isolation method, storage, size, and marker expression of MSC exosomes.
| Author | Year | Origin/Source | Isolation method | Storage | Characterization | Size distribution | EV/Exosome markers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen [41] | 2019 | Human adipose MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | NR | NTA, WB, TEM | ∼75 nm | CD9, CD63 |
| Furuta [42] | 2016 | Human BM-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | NR | WB, high-resolution frequency transmission electric-field imaging | ∼80 nm | CD9, CD81, flotillin-1 |
| Guo [43] | 2016 | Human synovial MSC exosomes | Ultrafiltration + Sucrose + Ultracentrifugation | −80°C | DLS analysis, WB, TEM | 30–100 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101 |
| Jia [44] | 2020 | Rat BM-MSCs | Ultracentrifugation | −80°C | TRPS analysis, TEM, WB | 60–130 nm | CD9, CD63, TSG101 |
| Kuang [45] | 2019 | Human Wharton's jelly UC-MSC exosomes | exoEasy Maxi Kit, Qiagen | −80°C | DLS analysis, TEM, WB | 30–100 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101 |
| Li [46] | 2017 | Rabbit BM-MSC exosomes | Total Exosome Isolation Kit, Invitrogen | NR | TRPS analysis, TEM, WB | 75–150 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81 |
| Li [47] | 2018 | Human adipose stem cell exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | NR | NTA, TEM, WB | 33–177 nm | CD9, CD63 |
| Li [48] | 2019 | Human UC-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | NR | TEM, WB | 50–80 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81 |
| Li [49] | 2020 | Human iliac bone marrow MSC exosomes Human jawbone marrow MSC exosomes |
Ultracentrifugation | NR | NTA, TEM, WB | ∼100 nm | CD63, ALIX |
| Liang [50] | 2019 | Human BM-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | −80°C | TRPS analysis, TEM, WB | 80–182 nm | CD9, CD63, TSG101, GM130 |
| Liao [51] | 2019 | Rabbit BM-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | NR | NTA, TEM, WB | 90–150 nm | CD63, TSG101, HSP70 |
| Liu [52] | 2017 | Human iPSC-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation + Ultrafiltration | NR | TRPS analysis, TEM, WB | 50–100 nm | CD8, CD63, CD81 |
| Liu [53] | 2020 | Human UC-MSC exosomes | Ultrafiltration + Sucrose + Ultracentrifugation | −80°C | NTA, TEM, WB | 50–150 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101 |
| Qi [54] | 2016 | Human iPSC-MSC exosomes | Ultrafiltration + Sucrose + Ultracentrifugation | NR | TRPS analysis, WB | 50–150 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81 |
| Takeuchi [55] | 2019 | Human BM-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | −80°C | NTA, TEM, WB | 80–100 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81 |
| Xu [56] | 2019 | Human BM-MSC exosomes | Total Exosome Isolation Kit, Invitrogen | NR | NTA, TEM, WB | 30–100 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81 |
| Xu [57] | 2020 | Rat BM-MSC exosomes | Ultrafiltration + Sucrose + Ultracentrifugation | −80°C | NTA, TEM, Flow cytometry | 50–150 nm | CD63, CD81 |
| Yang [58] | 2020 | Human UC-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | −80°C | NTA, TEM, WB | 100–150 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81, ALIX |
| Zhang [59] | 2016 | Human iPSC-MSC exosomes | Ultrafiltration + Sucrose + Ultracentrifugation | −80°C | TRPS analysis, TEM, WB | 50–150 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81 |
| Zhang [60] | 2019 | Human UC-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | NR | NTA, TEM, WB | ∼100 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81 |
| Zhang [61] | 2020 | Rat BM-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | NR | NTA, TEM, WB | ∼122 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81 |
| Zhou [62] | 2019 | Human UC-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | NR | TEM, WB | 30–100 nm | CD9, CD63, CD81 |
| Zuo [63] | 2019 | Rat BM-MSC exosomes | Ultracentrifugation | −80°C | TEM, WB | 40–100 nm | CD63, CD81, TSG101 |
NR, not reported; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; BM-MSC, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; UC-MSC, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell; ESC-MSC, embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cell; EV, extracellular vesicle; iPSC-MSC, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells; DLS, dynamic light scattering; NTA, nanoparticle tracking analysis; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TRPS, tunable resistive pulse sensing, WB, western blotting.