Table. Factors Associated With Awareness of the Public Charge Rule and Program Participation and Receipt of Medical Carea.
| Factor | Respondents (N = 400) | Heard of public charge rule (n = 396) | Knows friends or family who avoided or stopped participating in Medicaid, SNAP, or public housing (n = 397) | Knows friends or family who avoided visiting a physician, a clinic, or a hospital (n = 397) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted No. | Weighted % | Predicted probability, % (95% CI) | P value | Predicted probability, % (95% CI) | P value | Predicted probability, % (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 187 | 43.2 | 63.0 (53.5 to 72.6) | .31 | 5.2 (1.8 to 8.6) | .63 | 11.2 (3.5 to 18.9) | .21 |
| Female | 213 | 56.8 | 56.3 (48.0 to 64.5) | [Reference] | 6.5 (2.7 to 10.2) | [Reference] | 5.9 (1.9 to 10.0) | [Reference] |
| Age, y | ||||||||
| 19-30 | 105 | 36.9 | 41.1 (29.9 to 52.3) | <.001 | 3.8 (0.7 to 6.8) | .12 | 5.7 (0.9 to 10.5) | .54 |
| 31-45 | 111 | 29.9 | 60.9 (48.5 to 73.3) | .04 | 6.6 (1.1 to 12.1) | .63 | 10.7 (1.7 to 19.8) | .71 |
| 46-64 | 184 | 33.2 | 76.9 (68.2 to 85.7) | [Reference] | 8.5 (3.3 to 13.7) | [Reference] | 8.4 (1.1 to 15.7) | [Reference] |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Latino | 192 | 40.3 | 61.7 (51.8 to 71.5) | .92 | 10.1 (4.6 to 15.5) | <.001 | 11.8 (4.7 to 18.9) | .11 |
| Not Latino | ||||||||
| White | 125 | 35.5 | 62.4 (52.2 to 72.7) | [Reference] | 0.8 (−0.1 to 1.7) | [Reference] | 5.2 (0.4 to 10.0) | [Reference] |
| Black | 54 | 17.5 | 53.5 (37.1 to 69.8) | .37 | 9.8 (0.7 to 19.0) | .001 | 7.3 (−3.7 to 18.3) | .71 |
| Other | 29 | 6.7 | 41.8 (18.8 to 64.9) | .12 | NAb | NA | NAb | NA |
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 93 | 21.0 | 57.8 (43.5 to 72.1) | .58 | 3.5 (0.1 to 7.0) | .09 | 4.7 (−2.4 to 11.9) | .26 |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 134 | 32.6 | 54.7 (44.8 to 64.5) | .26 | 4.7 (1.6 to 7.9) | .15 | 5.4 (1 to 9.7) | .10 |
| Some college or college degree | 173 | 46.3 | 62.8 (53.1 to 72.6) | [Reference] | 8.9 (3.6 to 14.2) | [Reference] | 12.2 (4.4 to 20.0) | [Reference] |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Urban or suburban | 316 | 86.4 | 61.3 (54.6 to 68) | [Reference] | 6.6 (3.6 to 9.5) | [Reference] | 8.5 (4.1 to 12.8) | [Reference] |
| Rural | 84 | 13.6 | 45.4 (31.3 to 59.5) | .05 | 1.3 (−0.8 to 3.4) | .04 | 5.2 (−0.8 to 11.2) | .44 |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Not working | 215 | 50.1 | 62.6 (53.9 to 71.4) | .30 | 4.9 (1.6 to 8.1) | .35 | 8.4 (2.3 to 14.5) | .86 |
| Working | 185 | 49.9 | 55.9 (46.8 to 64.9) | [Reference] | 7.2 (3.3 to 11.2) | [Reference] | 7.7 (2.5 to 12.9) | [Reference] |
| Chronic conditionc | ||||||||
| None | 139 | 34.7 | 68.0 (58.0 to 78) | [Reference] | 4.5 (0.9 to 8.1) | [Reference] | 5.4 (0.8 to 10.1) | [Reference] |
| ≥1 | 261 | 65.3 | 54.0 (45.9 to 62.2) | .05 | 6.8 (3.1 to 10.5) | .40 | 9.7 (4.2 to 15.3) | .25 |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; SNAP, Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program.
Data are from a telephone survey of 400 low-income Texans, who were all US citizens aged 19 to 64 years, with family incomes below 138% of the federal poverty level, conducted in November and December 2019. Sample size listed for each question excluded individuals who did not provide a response for that question. All analyses are from multivariate logistic regression models, with probabilities generated using the margins command in Stata statistical software version 14.0 (StataCorp), which uses the regression coefficients and the sample’s actual distribution of covariates. All estimates were survey-weighted to match the population features of the target population.
No one in the Other group (which included 11 people reporting multiple races, 5 Asian respondents, 4 Native American respondents, and 9 who did not report any race) experienced either of these outcomes, so this category was combined with white respondents for these models. Alternatively, excluding these 29 observations from these 2 models produces similar overall results.
Chronic conditions were the self-reported presence of any of the following conditions: hypertension, heart attack or coronary artery disease, stroke, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney disease, diabetes, depression, cancer, and substance abuse.