Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Jul 9;12:411–429. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S243204

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2020 Schade et al.

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

PMC Copyright notice

(A) Mean time (in minutes, y-axis) and percentage of TST (data labels) spent in each sleep stage on the Disruptive and Enhancing condition nights relative to Sham night across eight participants. The ordinate is in 1-hr (60-min) intervals. Error bars represent standard deviation. Participants spent significantly less time in N3 on the Disruptive night than Sham that included a significant Condition*Order interaction. N1 time was significantly greater on the Disruptive night than on Sham. **p < .005, ^†p < .100 (marginally significant), in comparisons of stage percentage. (B) Mean percent difference in N3 sleep between the Disruptive and Enhancing condition nights versus the Sham night, with markers indicating individual participant differences. Filled markers represent participants randomized to the Enhancing condition on Night 2 (two nights prior to Disruptive) and open or letter markers represent participants randomized to the Disruptive condition on Night 2 (two nights prior to Enhancing). Error bars represent standard deviation. Percent N3 was greater in the Enhancing condition than Sham only when Sham did not coincide with a rebound effect following a Disruptive night (ie, only when Enhancing was presented on Night 2, two nights prior to Disruptive).