Table 3.
Post-Hoc Pairwise Comparisons (vs Sham) of PSG Features on Enhancing and Disruptive Nights
| Sleep Outcome by Condition (vs Sham) and Order (vs Other Order) | Condition * Order Interaction (vs Sham) | EMM | t | Estimate of Fixed Effect | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TST (mins) | |||||
| Disruptive | 472.1 | −0.89 | −10.6 | .387 | |
| Enhancing | 468.4 | −1.20 | −14.3 | .246 | |
| Sleep efficiency (%)a | |||||
| Disruptive | 87.4% | −0.52 | −1.1% | .608 | |
| Enhancing | 86.1% | −1.12 | −2.4% | .278 | |
| N3 (% TST) | |||||
| Disruptive | 6.1% | −3.33 | −4.8% | .004 | |
| Enhancing | 13.2% | 2.14 | 3.1% | .048 | |
| Order effect | |||||
| Disruptive 1st | 11.5% | 1.70 | 5.1% | .119 | |
| Disruptive | 6.3% | −2.56 | −4.7% | .021 | |
| Enhancing | 12.5% | −3.51 | −6.4% | .003 | |
| Sham | 15.8% | – | – | – | |
| Enhancing 1st | 10.2% | – | – | – | |
| Disruptive | 5.9% | – | – | – | |
| Enhancing | 13.9% | – | – | – | |
| Sham | 10.8% | – | – | – | |
| N3 (mins) | |||||
| Disruptive | 28.9 | −3.53 | −24.5 | .003 | |
| Enhancing | 61.9 | 2.06 | 14.3 | .056† | |
| Order effect | |||||
| Disruptive 1st | 54.6 | 1.71 | 23.7 | .116 | |
| Disruptive | 30.5 | −2.33 | −20.5 | .033 | |
| Enhancing | 57.6 | −3.66 | −32.1 | .002 | |
| Sham | 75.5 | – | – | – | |
| Enhancing 1st | 48.4 | – | – | – | |
| Disruptive | 27.3 | – | – | – | |
| Enhancing | 66.2 | – | – | – | |
| Sham | 51.8 | – | – | – | |
| N2 (% TST) | |||||
| Disruptive | 55.9% | 2.05 | 3.8% | .057† | |
| Enhancing | 50.7% | −0.78 | −1.4% | .446 | |
| N2 (mins) | |||||
| Disruptive | 262.9 | 1.10 | 10.5 | .287 | |
| Enhancing | 237.3 | −1.59 | −15.2 | .131 | |
| REM (% TST) | |||||
| Disruptive | 22.3% | −0.99 | −1.8% | .339 | |
| Enhancing | 24.4% | 0.13 | 0.3% | .895 | |
| REM (mins) | |||||
| Disruptive | 105.8 | −1.01 | −10.8 | .323 | |
| Enhancing | 114.2 | −0.22 | −2.3 | .830 | |
| N1 (% TST) | |||||
| Disruptive | 15.7% | 3.49 | 5.8% | .003 | |
| Enhancing | 12.0% | 1.28 | 2.1% | .219 | |
| N1 (mins) | |||||
| Disruptive | 74.3 | 3.81 | 26.6 | .002 | |
| Enhancing | 56.4 | 1.24 | 8.7 | .232 | |
| Arousals (/hr TST) | |||||
| Disruptive | 28.5 | 4.20 | 8.7 | <.001 | |
| Enhancing | 20.4 | 0.32 | 0.7 | .751 | |
| N2 arousals (/hr N2) | |||||
| Disruptive | 23.1 | 3.61 | 8.1 | .001 | |
| Enhancing | 13.7 | −0.55 | −1.2 | .588 | |
| N3 arousals (/hr N3) | |||||
| Disruptive | 20.3 | 4.75 | 12.0 | <.001 | |
| Enhancing | 9.0 | 0.28 | 0.7 | .785 | |
| REM arousals (/hr REM) | |||||
| Disruptive | 25.5 | 1.41 | 3.7 | .177 | |
| Enhancing | 22.6 | 0.31 | 0.8 | .765 | |
| All-night delta powera | |||||
| Disruptive | 1.5 | −3.79 | −0.08 | .002 | |
| Enhancing | 1.5 | −1.10 | −0.02 | .288 |
Notes: Stage N3 sleep rebound is evident from N3% and minutes on the Sham condition night between the two different orders of condition presentation. N3 sleep was increased in Enhancing compared to Sham only when the Enhancing condition was presented two nights prior to the Disruptive condition. TST and efficiency were preserved across study conditions. The Disruptive condition effectively increased the rate of arousals (sleep disruption) in stages N2 and N3, and overall. aLog-transformed values were used in analysis. p-values in bold are interpreted as significant (p < .05). †p < .100 (marginally significant).
Abbreviations: EMM, estimated marginal mean; N1, non-REM stage 1; N2, non-REM stage 2; N3, non-REM stage 3; REM, rapid eye movement; TST, total sleep time.