TABLE 3.
Subgroup Analysis Based on A1C
| Control Group | Intervention Group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 1 | Visit 2 | Visit 3 | OR (CI) | Visit 1 | Visit 2 | Visit 3 | OR (CI) | |
| Subgroup with baseline A1C <9% | ||||||||
| n = 103 | n = 70 | n = 76 | n = 97 | n = 69 | n = 64 | |||
| A1C, % | 7.6 (0.1) | 7.6 (0.1) | 7.7 (0.1) | NA | 7.5 (0.1) | 7.5 (0.1) | 7.5 (0.1) | NA |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.5 (0.6) | 31.9 (0.6) | 32.5 (0.6) | NA | 33.0 (0.6) | 32.9 (0.6) | 33.0 (0.6) | NA |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | ||||||||
| Systolic | 136.9 (1.9) | 137.2 (2.1) | 133.0 (2.1) | NA | 131.3 (1.9) | 130.7 (2.1) | 128.6 (2.2) | NA |
| Diastolic | 79.0 (0.9) | 78.8 (1.0) | 77.8 (1.0) | NA | 77.3 (0.9) | 76.3 (1.0) | 75.0 (1.1)* | NA |
| PAID score | 26.1 (2.3) | — | 18.9 (2.5)** | NA | 20.5 (2.3) | — | 16.1 (2.5)* | NA |
| MMAS score | 6.1 (0.2) | 6.3 (0.2) | 6.2 (0.2) | NA | 6.3 (0.2) | 6.4 (0.2) | 6.5 (0.2) | NA |
| SCI-R score | 55.5 (1.4) | 55.5 (1.4) | 57.7 (1.4)* | NA | 54.5 (1.4) | 58.3 (1.5) | 58.3 (1.5)** | NA |
| Participate in physical activity, % | 58.3 (0.05) | 67.1 (0.05) | 65.0 (0.05) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | 56.3 (0.05) | 75.0 (0.05) | 77.8 (0.05) | 2.7 (1.4–5.4)* |
| Exercise, hours/week | 3.8 (0.4) | 3.3 (0.4) | 3.4 (0.4) | NA | 3.9 (0.4) | 3.6 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.4) | NA |
| Using insulin, % | 40.8 (0.05) | 40.8 (0.06) | 44.3 (0.06) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 42.3 (0.05) | 43.1 (0.06) | 38.9 (0.06) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) |
| Treatment regimen, % | ||||||||
| Lifestyle modification | 7.8 (0.03) | 3.9 (0.02) | 5.0 (0.02) | 0.6 (0.2–2.1) | 6.2 (0.02) | 5.5 (0.03) | 8.3 (0.03) | 1.4 (0.4–4.5) |
| Oral medications | 53.7 (0.05) | 54.8 (0.06) | 50.7 (0.06) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 52.2 (0.05) | 53.7 (0.06) | 56.1 (0.06) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) |
| Subgroup with baseline A1C ≥9% | ||||||||
| n = 47 | n = 38 | n = 40 | n = 60 | n = 48 | n = 43 | |||
| A1C, % | 10.3 (0.2) | 9.4 (0.2) | 9.5 (0.2)* | NA | 10.2 (0.2) | 9.5 (0.2) | 9.2 (0.2)** | NA |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.8 (1.1) | 32.9 (1.1) | 32.8 (1.1) | NA | 33.0 (1.0) | 33.1 (1.0) | 33.3 (1.0) | NA |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | ||||||||
| Systolic | 136.1 (2.8) | 130.7 (3.0) | 131.7 (3.0) | NA | 136.3 (2.5) | 130.3 (2.7) | 132.3 (2.7) | NA |
| Diastolic | 78.7 (1.3) | 77.9 (1.4) | 77.1 (1.4) | NA | 80.3 (1.1) | 77.3 (1.3) | 78.4 (1.3) | NA |
| PAID score | 27.8 (3.8) | — | 18.9 (4.0)* | NA | 32.0 (3.3) | — | 26.0 (3.4)* | NA |
| MMAS, scale | 5.8 (0.3) | 5.8 (0.3) | 6.1 (0.3) | NA | 6.0 (0.2) | 6.1 (0.3) | 6.1 (0.3) | NA |
| SCI-R score | 53.9 (1.6) | 56.4 (1.7) | 58.1 (1.7)* | NA | 56.8 (1.4) | 59.2 (1.5) | 61.0 (1.5)* | NA |
| Participate in physical activity, % | 54.4 (0.07) | 53.9 (0.08) | 52.5 (0.08) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 56.7 (0.06) | 66.7 (0.07) | 64.6 (0.07) | 1.4 (0.6–3.1) |
| Exercise, hours/week | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.6) | NA | 3.9 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) | NA |
| Using insulin, % | 71.7 (0.07) | 76.3 (0.07) | 75.0 (0.07) | 1.2 (0.5–3.1) | 73.3 (0.06) | 79.2 (0.06) | 85.4 (0.05) | 2.1 (0.8–5.6) |
| Treatment regimen, % | ||||||||
| Lifestyle modification | 4.3 (0.02) | 2.6 (0.02) | 2.5 (0.02) | 0.6 (0.1–6.8) | — | — | — | NA |
| Oral medications | 25.0 (0.07) | 24.2 (0.08) | 23.1 (0.07) | 0.9 (0.3–2.5) | 26.7 (0.06) | 21.7 (0.06) | 14.6 (0.05) | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) |
Data from each visit are mean (SE). *P <0.05 compared to baseline. **P <0.001 compared to baseline. NA, not applicable.