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. 2020 Jul 16;11:285. doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-01801-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Summary and proposal of prostate differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. Human ESC/iPSC can respond to TGFβ signaling pathway to differentiate into definitive endoderm, from which there are two paths to generate prostate organoids: mimic the prostate development process (from definitive endoderm to hindgut stage by WNT and FGF signaling pathways, then to UGS by certain signals, and eventually to prostate organoids by AR and other signaling pathways; or direct to bladder urothelial cells by RA, and then transdifferentiate into prostate organoids