Table 2.
Common active ingredients found in the agricultural pesticides in the study locality
| Pesticide type | Active ingredient (s) | N | % | Chemical class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insecticides (N = 62) | Abamectin | 4 | 6.5 | Macrocyclic lactones |
| Alphacypermethrin | 3 | 4.8 | Pyrethroids | |
| Carbaryl and permethrin | 1 | 1.6 | Carbamates and pyrethroids | |
| Carbofuran | 1 | 1.6 | N-methyl carbamate Ib | |
| Carbaryl and lambda-cyhalothrin | 2 | 3.2 | Carbamates and pyrethroids | |
| Chlorpyrifos | 5 | 8.1 | Organophosphates | |
| Cypermethrin | 1 | 1.6 | Pyrethroids | |
| Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos | 1 | 1.6 | Pyrethroids and organophosphates | |
| Cypermethrin and imidacloprid | 3 | 4.8 | Pyrethroids and neonicotinoids | |
| Deltamethrin | 1 | 1.6 | Pyrethroids | |
| Diazinon | 2 | 3.2 | Organophosphates | |
| Dichlorvos | 3 | 4.8 | Organophosphates | |
| Dimethoate | 1 | 1.6 | Organophosphates | |
| Fenitrothion and deltamethrin | 3 | 4.8 | Organophosphates and pyrethroids | |
| Fipronil | 1 | 1.6 | Phenylpyrazole | |
| Imidacloprid | 3 | 4.8 | Neonicotinoids | |
| Imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin | 2 | 3.2 | Neonicotinoids and pyrethroids | |
| Lambda-cyhalothrin | 11 | 17.7 | Pyrethroids | |
| Lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid | 1 | 1.6 | Neonicotinoids and pyrethroids | |
| Malathion | 1 | 1.6 | Organophosphates | |
| Permethrin | 1 | 1.6 | Pyrethroids | |
| Pirimiphos-methyl | 2 | 3.2 | Organophosphates | |
| Pirimiphos-methyl and permethrin | 3 | 4.8 | Organophosphates and pyrethroids | |
| Pirimiphos-methyl and thiamethoxam | 1 | 1.6 | Organophosphates and neonicotinoids | |
| Profenofos | 5 | 8.1 | Organophosphates | |
| Herbicide (N = 29) | Bispyribac sodium | 1 | 3.5 | Bispyribac sodium |
| S-metolachlor and atrazine | 1 | 3.5 | Triazines | |
| Amine salt | 4 | 13.8 | Aryloxyacides | |
| Atrazine | 1 | 3.5 | Dinitroanilines | |
| Glyphosate | 17 | 58.6 | Amino-phosphonates | |
| Paraquat | 4 | 13.8 | Pyridines | |
| Triclopyr | 1 | 3.5 | Pyridines | |
| Fungicide (N = 11) | Monopotassium and dipotassium phosphonates | 1 | 9.1 | Phosphonic acid |
| Chlorothalonil | 3 | 27.3 | Organochlorine | |
| Mancozeb | 1 | 9.1 | Dithiocarbamate | |
| Mancozeb and cymoxanil | 1 | 9.1 | Acylalanine and dithiocarbamate | |
| Metalaxyl and mancozeb | 5 | 45.5 | Dithiocarbamate and acylalanine | |
| Insecticide + fungicide (N = 2) | Imidacloprid, metalaxyl and carbendazim | 2 | 100 | Neonicotinoids, acylalanine and benzimidazole |