Table 5.

Example of pesticide spray dosages as reported by farmers compared to the recommended dosage on the product label

Pesticide class	Trade name	Active ingredient (s)	Class of the pesticide	Knapsack spray dilution by farmers ml/l, g/l of water	Recommended knapsack dilution rate ml/l, g/l of water	Recommended dose (ml/ha)	Target crop
Insecticide	Karate 5EC	50 gm/l of lambda-cyhalothrin	Pyrethroids	15–40 ml/20 l	12 ml/20 l	300–400 ml/ha	Rice, maize, vegetables, fruits, green pepper, watermelon, beans green peas and tomatoes
	Amekan C344 SE	144 g/l of cypermethrin and 200 g/l of imidacloprid	Pyrethroids and Neonicotinoids	30 ml/20 l	8–10 ml/15 l	500 ml/ha	Tomatoes, watermelon, okra, potatoes, rice, spinach, maize, green pepper and cabbages
	Duduba 450EC	100 g/l of cypermethrin and 350 g/l of chlorpyrifos	Pyrethroids and organophosphates	30–50 ml/20 l	10 ml/20 l	400 ml/ha	Rice, cucumber, tomatoes, green pepper, cereals crops and fruits
	Buffalo 100OD	75 g/l of imidacloprid and 25 g/l of beta-cyfluthrin	Neonicotinoids and pyrethroids	35–60 ml/20 l	10 ml/20 l	500 ml/ha	Tomatoes, maize, green peas potatoes, green pepper, beans and onions
	Ninja 5EC	50 g/l of lambda-cyhalothrin	Pyrethroids	25 ml/15 l	40–60 ml/20 l	150–400 ml/ha	Rice, fruits, green peas vegetables and maize
	KungFu 5EC	50 gm/l of lambda-cyhalothrin	Pyrethroids	15–40 ml/20 l	12 ml/20 l	300–400 ml/ha	Tomatoes, watermelon, cucumber, rice, onions, vegetables, fruits and green pepper
	Suracron 720 EC/720/Profecron 720 EC	720 g/l of profenofos	Organophosphates	200–350 ml/20 l	20–40 ml/15 l	500–800 ml/ha	Cabbage and tomatoes, okra, eggplant, cucumber and watermelon
	Nogozone 60 EC	600 g/l diazinon	Organophosphates	20–40 ml/20 l	5–30 ml/15 l	150–700 ml/ha	Watermelon and cucumber
Herbicide	2,4 d Amine	720 g/l of 2, 4 d-dimethyl amine salt	Aryloxyacides	150–300 ml/16 l	200 ml/20 l	2000 ml/ha	Rice and maize
	Roundup	360 g/l of glyphosate	Amino-phosphonates	300–350 ml/15 l	200–300 ml/20 l	2000–3000 ml/ha	Rice and maize
	Parapaz 200 SL	200 g/l of paraquat dichloride	Pyridines	300–350 ml/15 l	100–200 ml/20 l	800–1600 ml/ha	Maize, rice, sugarcane and tomatoes
Fungicide	Farmerzeb 800 WP	800 g/kg of mancozeb	Dithiocarbamate	60 g/15 l	40–60 g/20 l	1000––3000 g/ha	Tomatoes, African eggplant, green pepper and potatoes
	Linkonil 500 SC	500 g/l of chlorothalonil	Organochlorine fungicide	20–50 ml/20 l	46 ml/20 l	1000–3500 ml/ha	Tomatoes, okra, eggplant, watermelon and cucumber
	Victory 72 WP	640 g/kg of mancozeb and 80 g/kg of metalaxyl	Dithiocarbamate and acylalanine	60–80 g/20 l	50 g/20 l	2000–2500 g/ha	Tomatoes, okra, and potatoes, cucumber, watermelon and cabbage