Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants with versus without incident HF during the study period
| ACCORD patients (free from baseline HF) | No HF event during follow-up | Incident HF event during follow-up | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 8,756 | 8,437 | 319 | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Female, n (%) | 3,370 (38.5) | 3,275 (38.8) | 95 (29.8) | <0.01 |
| Age (years), n (%) | 62.7 (6.6) | 62.6 (6.5) | 65.3 (6.9) | <0.01 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Black | 1,622 (18.5) | 1,558 (18.5) | 64 (20.1) | |
| Hispanic | 658 (7.5) | 643 (7.6) | 15 (4.7) | |
| Other | 987 (11.3) | 967 (11.5) | 20 (6.3) | |
| White | 5,489 (62.7) | 5,269 (62.5) | 220 (69.0) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 32.1 (5.4) | 32.1 (5.4) | 33.0 (5.6) | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 106.6 (13.6) | 106.4 (13.5) | 110.8 (14.6) | <0.01 |
| Current cigarette smoker, n (%) | 1,078 (12.3) | 1,031 (12.2) | 47 (14.7) | 0.21 |
| Lives with one or more adults, n (%) | 371 (4.2) | 338 (4.0) | 33 (10.3) | <0.01 |
| Highest level of education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than high school graduate | 1,260 (14.4) | 1,191 (14.1) | 69 (21.6) | <0.01 |
| High school graduate or GED | 2,300 (26.3) | 2,223 (26.4) | 77 (24.1) | |
| Some college or technical school | 2,891 (33.0) | 2,770 (32.9) | 121 (37.9) | |
| College graduate | 2,300 (26.3) | 2,248 (26.7) | 52 (16.3) | |
| Alcoholic drinks consumed weekly, mean (SD) | 1.0 (2.7) | 1.0 (2.7) | 0.9 (2.7) | 0.70 |
| Vital signs at baseline, mean (SD) | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.4 (16.9) | 136.3 (16.9) | 139.4 (18.4) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.0 (10.5) | 75.1 (10.5) | 72.5 (11.6) | <0.01 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 72.6 (11.7) | 72.6 (11.7) | 73.0 (12.2) | 0.56 |
| Medical history | ||||
| History of myocardial infarction, n (%) | 1,237 (14.1) | 1,138 (13.5) | 99 (31.0) | <0.01 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 502 (5.7) | 472 (5.6) | 30 (9.4) | 0.01 |
| History of angina, n (%) | 928 (10.6) | 880 (10.4) | 48 (15.0) | 0.01 |
| History of coronary artery bypass graft surgery, n (%) | 918 (10.5) | 830 (9.8) | 88 (27.6) | <0.01 |
| History of percutaneous coronary intervention, n (%) | 870 (10.1) | 818 (9.8) | 52 (18.1) | <0.01 |
| History of other revascularization procedure, n (%) | 325 (3.7) | 297 (3.5) | 28 (8.8) | <0.01 |
| History of foot ulcer requiring antibiotics, n (%) | 371 (4.2) | 338 (4.0) | 33 (10.3) | <0.01 |
| Years of diabetes diagnosis, median (IQR) | 9.0 (10.0) | 9.0 (10.0) | 11.0 (13.0) | <0.01 |
| Years of hyperlipidemia diagnosis, median (IQR) | 7.0 (12.0) | 7.0 (11.0) | 10.0 (15.0) | <0.01 |
| Years of hypertension diagnosis, median (IQR) | 4.0 (6.0) | 4.0 (6.0) | 5.0 (7.3) | 0.05 |
| Health Utilities Index Mark 3 score, mean (SD)* | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.3) | <0.01 |
| Health Utilities Index Mark 2 score, mean (SD)† | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.51 (0.2) | <0.01 |
| Laboratory values, mean (SD) | ||||
| Glycated hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 8.3 (1.1) | 8.3 (1.1) | 8.6 (1.1) | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183.6 (41.7) | 183.7 (41.6) | 180.7 (44.0) | 0.20 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 190.6 (149.8) | 190.3 (150.8) | 197.7 (118.9) | 0.39 |
| VLDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 36.6 (24.5) | 36.6 (24.6) | 38.1 (20.1) | 0.27 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 105.1 (33.9) | 105.2 (33.8) | 104.3 (35.4) | 0.63 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 41.9 (11.5) | 42.0 (11.5) | 38.3 (10.4) | <0.01 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 171.2 (55.9) | 171.0 (55.6) | 180.6 (63.1) | 0.03 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (mg/dL) | 27.8 (16.7) | 27.9 (16.8) | 24.3 (10.9) | <0.01 |
| Creatine kinase (mg/dL) | 139.5 (127.4) | 139.6 (128.0) | 136.5 (109.6) | 0.67 |
| Potassium (mg/dL) | 4.5 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.5) | 0.31 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.3) | <0.01 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 91.5 (27.3) | 91.8 (27.4) | 84.3 (23.5) | <0.01 |
| Urinary albumin (mg/dL) | 10.0 (36.2) | 9.4 (34.8) | 26.2 (61.2) | <0.01 |
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | 124.6 (66.4) | 124.7 (66.4) | 121.2 (65.7) | 0.36 |
| Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g)‡ | 95.1 (351.6) | 88.9 (333.1) | 254.7 (653.7) | <0.01 |
| Electrocardiogram, mean (SD) | ||||
| PR duration (ms) | 164.4 (31.5) | 164.3 (30.9) | 168.2 (44.9) | 0.03 |
| P-axis | 48.1 (21.6) | 48.0 (21.5) | 51.7 (23.9) | <0.01 |
| QRS-axis | 12.9 (33.4) | 13.2 (33.1) | 6.9 (38.1) | <0.01 |
| T-axis | 44.2 (39.1) | 43.3 (38.0) | 69.1 (55.7) | <0.01 |
| QRS duration (ms) | 94.9 (16.6) | 94.6 (16.2) | 102.8 (22.2) | <0.01 |
| Bazzett QTc calculated (ms) | 420.7 (20.5) | 420.4 (20.3) | 429.4 (25.1) | <0.01 |
| R-wave amplitude in aVL | 622.3 (312.8) | 621.1 (311.8) | 652.5 (336.9) | 0.08 |
| S-wave amplitude in V3 | 836.8 (477.7) | 830.6 (471.6) | 1,000.3 (595.0) | <0.01 |
| Heart rate variability SD of NN intervals | 16.6 (14.0) | 16.7 (14.0) | 14.4 (14.2) | 0.01 |
| Cornell voltage | 1,461.6 (578.2) | 1,454.2 (572.1) | 1,657.1 (694.3) | <0.01 |
GED, General Educational Development; IQR, interquartile range.
*
Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3): aggregate score of vision, hearing, speech, ambulation, dexterity, emotion, cognition, and pain.
†
Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI2): aggregate score of sensation, mobility, cognition, self-care, emotion, pain, and fertility.
‡
Estimated by the MDRD four-variable equation.