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. 2020 Jul 16;159:120195. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120195

Table 3.

ADF & PP Unit Root Testing.

Variables Augmented Dickey-Fuller
Level (P-Value) 1st Difference (P-Value)
Stock −19.8014(0.0000) −37.1304(0.0000)
Gold −73.3287(0.0001) −36.5318(0.0000)
Bitcoin −16.6171(0.0000) −21.3302(0.0000)
Phillips-Perron
Level (P-Value) 1st Difference (P-Value)
Stock −70.2611(0.0001) −918.4026(0.0001)
Gold −73.3257(0.0001) −908.2437(0.0001)
Bitcoin −41.5212(0.0000) −465.2058(0.0001)