Table 3:
Currently available Point-of-Care Tests for Infections in Urine
| Analyte (ref) | Type of test (r/c) | Detection Method | Site of Use | Indications | Time | LoD / working range | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria (100) | Urine culture kit— UK Flexicult™ SSI urinary kit (c) | Colorimetric & counting colony numbers and semi-confluent growth |
Laborotory Clinic office |
Urinary tract infection | Overnight | 500 cfu/ml | High TPR & TNR, Few false positives (3%) | Semi-quantitative; Long procedure time |
| Bacterial nucleic acid—16S rRNA (101) |
Sandwich amperometric enzyme-based immunoassay (r) | Electrochemical | Laborotory Clinic office |
Urinary tract infection (UTI) |
2 hours | NA | Quantitative; Multiplx detection; Automated reader for analysis |
Need expertise; Training required for sample preparation |
| Lactoferrin—LTF (101) | 145 pg/ml | |||||||
|
B. anthracis RNA (102) |
Sandwich lateral flow microarray— LFM (r) | Colorimetric- dyed microsphere | Laborotory Clinic office |
Anthrax | 2 min | 250 amol | Rapid; Easy operation; Quantitative; High TPR |
1-hour nucleic acid sequence-based amplification—NASBA required |
| C. trachomatis— CT amplicons (103) | Sandwich nucleic acid LFA— PCRD from Abingdon Health (c) | Anti-FAM GNP- colorimetric |
Laborotory Clinic office |
Chlamydia trachomatis | 20 min | 5 to 12 pathogens | Rapid; Easy operation; Quantitative; High TPR & TNR |
Semi-quantitative; RPA required |
| Cryptococcal antigen— CRAG (104) | Sandwich LFA— Immunomycologics Inc. (c) | GNP- colorimetric | Laborotory Clinic office Home |
Meningitis | 10 min | NA | Rapid; Low-cost; Easy operation; | Semi-quantitative |
| Cryptococcal antigen— CRAG (105) | Semi-quantitative sandwich LFA (c) | GNP- colorimetric | Laborotory Clinic office Home |
Meningitis | 10 min | 5 ng/ml | Rapid; Low-cost; Easy operation; Quantitative; High TPR & TNR, Shelf stable at RT | Laser and infrared camera required for quantitative analysis |
| Quantitative sandwich LFA (r) | ||||||||
| E. coli mRNA (106) | Nanostructured microelectrodes— NMEs (r) | Electrochemical reporters (Ru/Fe) | Laborotory Clinic office |
Various infections | 30 min | 1 cfu/μl | Rapid; Low-cost; Quantitative; High TPR & TNR, PCR-free | Training required for sample introduction; sample preparation; and reagent addition |
| Lipoarabinomannan— LAM (107) | Sandwich LFIA (c) | GNP- colorimetric | Laborotory Clinic office Home |
Tuberculosis | 25 min | OD: 0.681 | Rapid; Low-cost; Easy operation; High TPR & TNR | Semi-quantitative |
| Lipoarabinomannan— LAM (108/109) | Sandwich LFIA (r) | GNP- colorimetric | Laborotory Clinic office Home |
Tuberculosis | NA | NA | Low-cost; Easy operation; | Low TPR; Works only in HIV patients |
| Schistosome circulating cathodic antigen— CCA (110/111) | Dipstick— Rapid Medical Diagnostics (c) |
Colorimetric | Laborotory Clinic office Home |
Schistosomiasis mansoni | 20 minutes | NA | Rapid; Low-cost; High TPR |
Qualitative |
| S. haematobium DNA (112) | Sandwich LFA (r) | GNP- colorimetric | Laborotory Clinic office |
Schistosomiasis | 1 hour | 100 fg | Low-cost; Easy operation | Semi-quantitative; RPA required |
Abbreviations: (c): Available for commercial use; GNP: Gold nanoparticle; LFA: Lateral flow assay; LoD: Limit of detection; (r): Available for research use; RPA: Recombinase polymerase amplification; RT: Room temperature; TNR: True negative rate; TPR: True positive rate