Table 4.  Range of motion of the upper limb joints for men and women during the chopstick task.

Joint	Direction of Motion	Mean RoM of the Joint (°)		Significance	Cohen’s d
		Men (n=12)	Women (n=13)
Shoulder	Abduction	6.6 ± 2.0	10.3 ± 5.7	P < 0.05b	0.87
Shoulder	Flexion	12.6 ± 4.1	15.5 ± 7.2	n.s.a	0.50
Shoulder	Internal Rotation	10.1 ± 4.2	10.9 ± 4.9	n.s.a	0.18
Elbow	Flexion	31.3 ± 8.1	34.7 ± 7.0	n.s.a	0.45
Forearm	Pronation	75.3 ± 7.6	79.0 ± 12.7	n.s.a	0.35
Wrist	Radial Flexion	10.6 ± 5.6	13.5 ± 5.9	n.s.c	0.51
Wrist	Extension	15.4 ± 6.0	20.8 ± 9.7	n.s.c	0.67

n.s., not significant.

^aIndependent t-test (df=23); ^bWelch test; ^cMann–Whitney U test.