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. 2020 Jul 9;14:732. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00732

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

(Upper): experimental design. Before surgery, rats were subjected to a variety of somatosensory, motor, learning, and memory tests (training and baseline). At 7- and 24 days after stroke, animals were stimulated by the application of ear-clip electrodes. Subsequent to survival time of 48 days, rats were subjected to MRI and the brains analyzed by immunohistochemistry. (Lower): behavioral testing. There was a drop in performance shortly after the operation, part of which could be attributed to surgical stress and aging. The aged rats started recovery after a delay of 3–6 days, depending on task difficulty. Electrical stimulation had a significant beneficial effect on spatial long-term memory ***P = 0.0001 by 2-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test (C). However, there was no beneficial effect of ES on complex sensorimotor skills like the rotating pool (A) or inclined plane (B). Surprisingly, ES had a detrimental effect on the asymmetric sensorimotor deficit (D). ***P = 0.0001 by 2-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. Error bars indicate S.E.M.