Table 4. Estimated prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Vietnam, overall and by sex, age, area and region.
| Smear-positive TB | Xpert-positive TB | Bacteriologically confirmed TB | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | No. of cases | Crude prevalence (per 100,000) n (95% CI) |
Weighted prevalence (per 100,000)a n (95% CI) |
p-value | No. of cases | Crude prevalence (per 100,000) n (95% CI) |
Weighted prevalence (per 100,000)a n (95% CI) |
p-value | No. of cases | Crude prevalence (per 100,000) n (95% CI) |
Weighted prevalence (per 100,000)a n (95% CI) |
p-value | |
| Total | 61,763 | 50 | 81 (61–107) | 79 (55–115) | 173 | 280 (241–325) | 235 (187–296) | 221 | 358 (314–408) | 322 (260–399) | |||
| Sex | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Male | 27,150 | 34 | 125 (89–175) | 118 (78–180) | 138 | 508 (430–600) | 390 (309–491) | 175 | 645 (556–747) | 522 (420–648) | |||
| Female | 34,613 | 16 | 46 (28–75) | 42 (23–79) | 35 | 101 (72–141) | 89 (60–134) | 46 | 133 (100–177) | 133 (89–198) | |||
| Age group | <0.001b | <0.001b | 0.001b | ||||||||||
| 15–24 | 6,542 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 61 (23–163) | 49 (19–127) | <0.001c | 4 | 61 (23–163) | 63 (18–226) | 0.007c | |
| 25–34 | 10,191 | 9 | 88 (46–170) | 109 (55–218) | 0.218c | 13 | 128 (74–220) | 142 (76–264) | 0.051c | 17 | 167 (104–268) | 203 (114–360) | 0.049c |
| 35–44 | 11,508 | 8 | 70 (35–139) | 69 (35–134) | 0.637c | 21 | 182 (119–280) | 185 (111–308) | 0.263c | 31 | 269 (190–383) | 287 (180–454) | 0.556c |
| 45–54 | 13,289 | 15 | 113 (68–187) | 123 (72–211) | 0.056c | 42 | 316 (233–427) | 344 (239–496) | 0.034c | 50 | 376 (285–496) | 423 (300–597) | 0.113c |
| 55–64 | 11,143 | 13 | 117 (68–201) | 130 (68–251) | 0.116c | 52 | 466 (356–612) | 505 (365–698) | <0.001c | 62 | 556 (434–713) | 618 (463–823) | <0.001c |
| ≥ 65 | 9,090 | 5 | 55 (23–132) | 55 (18–167) | 0.515c | 41 | 451 (332–612) | 446 (317–629) | <0.001c | 57 | 627 (484–812) | 689 (511–930) | <0.001c |
| Area | 0.034 | 0.004 | 0.024 | ||||||||||
| Urban | 18,656 | 27 | 145 (99–211) | 140 (86–228) | 0.008c | 75 | 402 (321–504) | 342 (252–463) | 0.008c | 90 | 482 (393–593) | 445 (327–604) | 0.020c |
| Remote | 15,882 | 13 | 82 (48–141) | 76 (44–133) | 0.893c | 44 | 277 (206–372) | 247 (148–414) | 0.818c | 52 | 327 (250–429) | 309 (181–526) | 0.852c |
| Rural | 27,225 | 10 | 37 (20–68) | 37 (15–93) | 0.032c | 54 | 198 (152–259) | 152 (108–215) | 0.003c | 79 | 290 (233–362) | 241 (182–572) | 0.027c |
| Region | 0.129 | 0.159 | 0.297 | ||||||||||
| North | 25,575 | 10 | 39 (21–73) | 44 (22–86) | 0.131c | 49 | 192 (145–253) | 168 (105–267) | 0.102c | 70 | 274 (217–346) | 262 (180–380) | 0.173c |
| central | 13,525 | 14 | 104 (61–175) | 92 (48–176) | 0.044c | 42 | 311 (230–420) | 253 (152–423) | 0.067c | 49 | 362 (274–479) | 316 (181–552) | 0.939c |
| South | 22,663 | 26 | 115 (78–168) | 106 (62–182) | 0.640c | 82 | 362 (292–449) | 289 (216–385) | 0.749c | 102 | 450 (371–546) | 380 (287–504) | 0.163c |
No: number; CI: confidence interval; N/A: Not available
a Weighted prevalence: estimated prevalence after missing data imputation, inverse probability weighting and post-stratification (see more in the Data collection and analysis section)
b p-value for trend, obtain by Wald test
c p-value for the difference between this age group/area/region with other groups combined, obtained with logit regression