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. 2020 Jul 14;8(1):e001519. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001519

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Lutein treatment alleviated the upregulation of VEGF in the retinas of the Ins2^Akita/+ mice. (A) ELISA results showing retinal VEGF protein expression levels in the wild-type, untreated Ins2^Akita/+, lutein-treated Ins2^Akita/+ (4.2 mg/kg/day, Akita+L4.2) and lutein-treated Ins2^Akita/+ (8.4 mg/kg/day, Akita+L8.4) mice at 6.5 months of age. (B) ELISA results showing retinal VEGF levels in the four groups at 9 months of age. n=5–8. Data are presented as mean±SEM; One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. ANOVA, analysis of variance; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.