Table 3.
Baseline clinical features in the RIACE participants with valid information on vital status on 31 October 2015, stratified by age-adjusted filtration status
| Variable | Normofiltering | Hyperfiltering | Hypofiltering | P value |
| n (%) | 12 306 (78.6) | 644 (4.1) | 2706 (17.3) | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 86.3±13.6 | 108.0±14.0 | 46.0±11.2 | |
| (60.0–129.2) | (74.5–176.0) | (4.1–59.9) | ||
| Deaths, n (%) | 2160 (17.6) | 169 (26.2) | 1273 (47.0) | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 64.9±9.9 | 67.5±11.4 | 73.8±8.6 | <0.0001 |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Females | 5107 (41.5) | 294 (45.7) | 1353 (50.0) | |
| Males | 7199 (58.5) | 350 (54.3) | 1353 (50.0) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Never | 6891 (56.0) | 368 (57.1) | 1590 (58.8) | |
| Former | 3413 (27.7) | 157 (24.4) | 837 (30.9) | |
| Current | 2002 (16.3) | 119 (18.5) | 279 (10.3) | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 12.4±9.7 | 11.9±9.8 | 17.2±11.1 | <0.0001 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 52.6±11.0 | 55.6±12.2 | 56.6±12.0 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 58.6±16.2 | 59.6±18.8 | 60.7±16.9 | <0.0001 |
| Antihyperglycemic Tx, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Lifestyle | 1767 (14.4) | 93 (14.4) | 253 (9.3) | |
| Non-insulin | 7791 (63.3) | 405 (62.9) | 1423 (52.6) | |
| Insulin | 2748 (22.3) | 146 (22.7) | 1030 (38.1) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0±5.1 | 28.5±5.7 | 29.1±5.1 | 0.021 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.5±10.4 | 101.4±11.6 | 102.6±10.2 | 0.029 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.53±0.95 | 1.51±1.41 | 1.77±1.05 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.78±0.97 | 4.77±1.05 | 4.79±1.05 | 0.957 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.30±0.35 | 1.36±0.37 | 1.24±0.36 | <0.0001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.49±0.94 | 3.41±1.02 | 3.55±0.99 | 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.80±0.84 | 2.74±0.84 | 2.75±0.87 | 0.012 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 10 120 (82.2) | 476 (73.9) | 2260 (83.5) | <0.0001 |
| Lipid-lowering Tx, n (%) | 5524 (44.9) | 237 (36.8) | 1477 (54.6) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 137.8±17.8 | 136.6±16.8 | 139.7±19.2 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 79.1±9.3 | 77.9±9.2 | 77.5±9.9 | <0.0001 |
| Pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 58.7±15.4 | 58.7±14.4 | 62.2±17.1 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 10 378 (84.3) | 521 (80.9) | 2551 (94.3) | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensive Tx, n (%) | 8265 (67.2) | 421 (65.4) | 2386 (88.2) | <0.0001 |
| RAS blocker Tx, n (%) | 6968 (56.6) | 341 (53.0) | 2031 (75.1) | <0.0001 |
| Antiplatelet Tx, n (%) | 4507 (36.6) | 260 (40.4) | 1481 (54.7) | <0.0001 |
| Anticoagulant Tx, n (%) | 409 (3.3) | 16 (2.5) | 244 (9.0) | <0.0001 |
| Albuminuria (mg/24 hours) | 47.3±210.9 | 77.0±678.7 | 185.0±504.1 | <0.0001 |
| Albuminuria categories, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Normoalbuminuria | 9532 (77.5) | 452 (70.2) | 1476 (54.5) | |
| Microalbuminuria | 2425 (19.7) | 174 (27.0) | 866 (32.0) | |
| Macroalbuminuria | 349 (2.8) | 18 (2.8) | 364 (13.5) | |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 73.0±14.9 | 43.5±8.8 | 127.0±55.6 | <0.0001 |
| DR, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| No | 9827 (79.9) | 518 (80.4) | 1844 (68.1) | |
| Non-advanced | 1440 (11.7) | 72 (11.7) | 435 (16.1) | |
| Advanced | 1039 (8.4) | 54 (8.4) | 427 (15.8) | |
| CVD, n (%) | ||||
| Any | 2453 (19.9) | 110 (17.1) | 1057 (39.1) | <0.0001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1173 (9.5) | 51 (7.9) | 518 (19.1) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary revascularization | 1090 (8.9) | 39 (6.1) | 450 (16.6) | <0.0001 |
| Any coronary event | 1628 (13.2) | 68 (10.6) | 700 (25.9) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 336 (2.7) | 18 (2.8) | 159 (5.9) | <0.0001 |
| Carotid revascularization | 548 (4.5) | 13 (2.0) | 295 (10.9) | <0.0001 |
| Any cerebrovascular event | 841 (6.8) | 28 (4.3) | 423 (15.6) | <0.0001 |
| Ulcer/gangrene/amputation | 341 (2.8) | 20 (3.1) | 195 (7.2) | <0.0001 |
| Lower limb revascularization | 273 (2.2) | 7 (1.1) | 170 (6.3) | <0.0001 |
| Any peripheral event | 548 (4.5) | 24 (3.7) | 311 (11.5) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Any | 2053 (16.7) | 130 (20.2) | 604 (22.3) | <0.0001 |
| COPD | 435 (3.5) | 40 (6.2) | 199 (7.4) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1045 (8.5) | 55 (8.5) | 261 (9.6) | 0.154 |
| Cancer | 757 (6.2) | 53 (8.2) | 221 (8.2) | <0.0001 |
Values are mean±SD or median (IQR) for continuous variables, and number of cases (percentage) for categorical variables.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; RIACE, Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events; Tx, treatment.