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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Prod Rep. 2020 Feb 18;37(5):717–736. doi: 10.1039/c9np00066f

Figure 9. The branches of the ER stress pathways.

Figure 9.

Under unstressed conditions, GRP78 associates with the three membrane-bound ER stress sensors but upon activation by unfolded proteins GRP78 dissociates from them, which triggers parallel pathways that can be pharmacologically modulated, especially the IRE1α and PERK pathways (see text).