TABLE II.

Examples of electrospinning for stem cell differentiation. MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells; BMP-2 peptide: bone morphogenic protein-2.

Electrospun scaffolds features	Stem cell types	Stem cell differentiation
Topographical and mechanical cues
Uniaxially aligned nanofibers16,17,27	Adipose derived MSCs iPSCs derived MSCs	Tenogenic differentiation
	Human fetal osteoblasts	Osteogenic differentiation
	Bone marrow derived MSCs	Neural differentiation
Uniaxially aligned yarns28	Adipose derived MSCs	Anisotropic soft tissue differentiation
Orthogonal layers29	Bone marrow derived MSCs	Osteoblastic differentiation
Coiled nanofibers30	Bone marrow derived MSCs	Mild myofibroblastic differentiation
Honeycomb-compartmented monolayer31	iPSCs	Cardiac differentiation
Netslike nanofibrous mesh32	Bone mesenchymal stromal cells	Osteogenic differentiation
Zonal organized nanofibers6	Mesenchymal stromal cells	Chondrogenic differentiation
Higher degree of roughness	Mesenchymal stromal cells	Osteogenic differentiation
Lower degree of roughness33,34		Chondrogenic differentiation
Lower stiffness18	Smooth muscle cells	Contractile phenotype
Dynamic mechanical stimulation19	Adipose derived MSCs	Tenogenic differentiation
Electrochemical cues
Electrical pulse application20	Cardiovascular disease specific iPSCs	Cardiomyocytes
Piezoelectric scaffold21	Bone marrow derived MSCs	Osteogenic differentiation (high voltage)
		Chondrogenic differentiation (low voltage)
Biological cues
Hemin doping22	iPSCs derived neural stem cells	Neural differentiation
Retinoic acid induction23	Chorion derived MSCs	Neural differentiation
Peptide decoration24	Human PSCs	Osteogenic differentiation
BMP-2 peptide25	Adipose derived MSCs	Osteogenic differentiation
Co-culture with chondrocytes26	Bone marrow derived MSCs	Chondrogenic differentiation