TABLE 1.

Examples of miRNA–lncRNA–mRNA axis interactions in Cardiac disease.

	Experimental disease model	lncRNA, response	miRNA	Interaction	Target	Function	References
Hypertrophic heart disease	TAC angiotensin II	CHAR downregulated	miR-20b	Competitive RNA	PTEN	Anti-hypertrophic response in the heart	Zhang M. et al., 2019
	Angiotensin II heart failure	CHRF upregulated	miR-489	miRNA sponge	Myd88	Pro-hypertrophic response in the heart	Wang et al., 2014a
	ISO injection	CHRF upregulated	miR-93	Competitive RNA	AKT3	Pro-hypertrophic response in the heart	Wo et al., 2018
	TAC	CYTOR upregulated	miR-155	miRNA sponge	IKBKE	Anti-hypertrophic response in the heart	Yuan et al., 2019
	TAC ISO	H19 upregulated	miR-675	miRNA coding lncRNA	CaMKIIδ	Anti-hypertrophic response in the heart	Liu et al., 2016
	Angiotensin II	MIAT upregulated	miR-93	miRNA sponge	TLR4	Pro-hypertrophic response in the heart	Zhu et al., 2016
	ISO	MIAT upregulated	miR-150p	Not specified	P3000	Pro-hypertrophic response in the heart	Zhu et al., 2016
	TAC angiotensin II	Plscr4 upregulated	miR-214	miRNA sponge	Mfn2	Anti-hypertrophic response in the heart	Lv et al., 2018
	TAC PE	ROR upregulated	miR-133	miRNA sponge	ANP/BNP*	Pro-hypertrophic response in the heart	Jiang et al., 2016
Ischemic heart disease	MI	CARL upregulated	miR-539	miRNA sponge	PHB2	Enhanced Cardiac apoptosis and mitochondrial dynamics	Wang et al., 2014b
		H19, downregulated	miR-103/107	miRNA sponge	FADD	Inhibition of myocardial necrosis	Wang et al., 2015a
		MALAT1, upregulated	miR-145	miRNA sponge	Furin	Pro-fibrotic response in the heart	Huang et al., 2019
		MIAT, upregulated	miR-24	miRNA sponge	Furin	Pro-fibrotic response in the heart	Qu et al., 2017
		n379519, upregulated	miR-30	miRNA sponge	Collagen I/III*	Pro-fibrotic response in the heart	Wang et al., 2018c
		PFL, upregulated	Let-7d	competitive endogenous RNA	Ptafr	Pro-fibrotic response in the heart	Liang et al., 2018
	I/R	APF, upregulated	miR-188-3p	Competitive RNA	ATG7	Increased autophagy and myocardial injury	Wang et al., 2015b
		NRF, upregulated	miR-873	miRNA sponge	RIPK1/RIPK3	Enhanced myocardial necrosis	Wang et al., 2016
		RMRP, upregulated	miR-206	miRNA sponge	ATG3	Increased apoptosis and myocardial injury	Kong et al., 2019
Metabolic heart disease	Diabetic cardiomyopathy	H19 upregulated	miR-455	Competitive RNA	CTGF	Pro-fibrotic response in the heart	Huang et al., 2017

*Correlation, not confirmed as a direct miRNA target. APF, autophagy-promoting factor; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CaMKIIδ, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta; CARL, cardiac apoptosis-related LncRNA; CHAR, cardiac hypertrophy-associated regulator; CHRF, cardiac hypertrophy related factor; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; CYTOR, cytoskeleton regulator RNA; FADD, Fas-associated death domain; IKBKE, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase epsilon; Let-7d, Lethal 7 d; MIAT, myocardial infarction associated transcript; Mfn2, mitofusin 2; Myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; NRF, necrosis-related factor; PFL, pro-fibrotic lncRNA PHB2: prohibitin 2; Ptafr, platelet-activating factor receptor; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; RIPK, receptor interacting protein kinase; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TAC, transverse aortic constriction; MI, myocardial infarction; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; ISO, isoproterenol; PE, phenylephrine.