Table 1.
Demographics of the study population.
| Clinical parameters | HC(n=99) | All patients(n=818) | BD(n=247) | SCZ(n=571) | Post hoc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %(n) | %(n) | %(n) | %(n) | ||
| Sex (male) | 61.6 (61) | 52.8 (432) | 39.3 (97) | 58.7 (335) | SCZ,HC>BD |
| Ethnicity (European) | 98.0 (97) | 82.2 (672)*** | 89.1 (220) | 79.2 (452) | HC>BD,SCZ |
| Smoking status (daily use) | N/A | 46.2 (367) | 43.8 (106) | 47.3 (261) | n.s. |
| Statin use | 0 (0) | 1.7 (14) | 2.0 (5) | 1.6 (9) | n.s. |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Anti-psychotic treatment (DDD) | N/A | 0.96 (0.96) | 0.5 (0.77) | 1.13 (0.97) | SCZ>BD |
| Age | 30 (8) | 31 (11) | 34 (12) | 30 (10) | BD>SCZ,HC |
| Cardiometabolic risk factors | |||||
| HOMA-IR | 2.7 (1.5) | 3.7 (2.6)** | 3.4 (2.2) | 3.8 (2.7) | SCZ>BD,HC |
| HDL-c(mmol/L) | 1.51 (0.46) | 1.36 (0.43)** | 1.46 (0.48) | 1.31 (0.40) | HC,BD>SCZ |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.85 (0.90) | 3.14 (0.95)** | 3.02 (0.90) | 3.19 (0.96) | SCZ>BD,HC |
| Total-c (mmol/L) | 4.70 (0.93) | 5.10 (1.07)** | 5.06 (1.06) | 5.11 (1.08) | SCZ,BD>HC |
| Triglycerides(mmol/L) | 1.04 (0.44) | 1.46(1.10)*** | 1.39 (1.13) | 1.49 (1.08) | SCZ,BD>HC |
| BMI | 23.9 (3.2) | 26.3 (5.0)*** | 25.7 (4.4) | 26.5 (5.3) | SCZ,BD>HC |
| Symptom scores | |||||
| PANSS total | N/A | 58 (17) | 46 (11) | 63 (17) | SCZ>BD |
| CDSS total | N/A | 5.5 (4.8) | 4.8(4.9) | 5.7 (4.8) | SCZ>BD |
| YMRS total | N/A | 4.8 (5.2) | 3.9 (5.3) | 5.3 (5.0) | SCZ>BD |
| GAF-S | N/A | 46 (13) | 56 (12) | 42 (11) | BD>SCZ |
| GAF-F | N/A | 46 (12) | 53 (13) | 44 (11) | BD>SCZ |
Analyzed with ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. HC, healthy controls; BD, bipolar spectrum; SCZ, schizophrenia spectrum; n, number; DDD, defined daily dose; SD, standard deviation; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Total-c, total cholesterol; mmol/L, millimoles per liter; BMI, body mass index; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; GAF-S, Global Assessment of Functioning-symptoms; GAF-F, Global Assessment of Functioning- functions; N/A, not applicable; n.s., not significant; *p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001 vs. healthy controls.