Table 1.
Cytokine and chemokine responses detected in plasma or serum of SARS patients [adapted from Chen and Subbarao (21)].
| Immune mediator | Method of detection (number of patients studied) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBA (20) | CBA (8 children) | CBA/ELISA (88) | CBA/qPCR (255) | ELISA (288) | ELISA (15) | LiquiChip (23) | |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | |||||||
| IL-6 | E | – | E | ND | E | – | E |
| IL-1β | E | E | ND | ND | ND | ND | – |
| IL-12 | E | – | ND | ND | ND | ND | – |
| TNF-α | – | – | – | ND | – | – | – |
| Inflammatory cytokines | |||||||
| IFN-γ | E | ND | E | ND | – | ND | – |
| IL-2 | – | ND | – | ND | ND | L | – |
| IL-4 | – | ND | – | ND | – | ND | – |
| IL-10 | – | – | – | ND | L | – | – |
| IL-13 | ND | ND | – | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| IL-18 | ND | ND | E/F | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| TGF-β | ND | ND | L | ND | – | E | ND |
| Chemokines | |||||||
| IL-8/CXCL8 | E | – | F | E | – | E | E |
| MIG/CXCL9 | – | ND | E/F | E | ND | ND | ND |
| IP-10/CXCL10 | E | ND | E/F | E | ND | ND | E |
| MCP-1/CCL2 | E | ND | E/F | – | ND | ND | E |
| RANTES/CCL5 | – | ND | – | – | ND | ND | – |
| PGE2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | E/L | ND |
CBA, cytometric bead array; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; E, elevated in early phase (< 2 weeks); L, elevated in late or convalescent-phase; F, elevated in the fatal case; –, not elevated; ND, not done.