TABLE 1.

Measurement invariance testing for country of residence, gender, and skill level.

Model	χ2	df	Δχ2	Δdf	CFI	ΔCFI	TLI	SRMR	RMSEA (90% CI)
Gender
Configural invariance	4501.12	1648	–	–	0.934	–	0.928	0.034	0.041 (0.039,0.042)
Metric invariance	4541.23	1682	40.11	34	0.934	0.000	0.929	0.035	0.040 (0.039,0.042)
Scalar invariance	4656.88	1716	115.65	34	0.932	0.002	0.928	0.035	0.041 (0.039,0.042)
Residual invariance	4731.39	1725	74.51	9	0.930	0.002	0.927	0.037	0.041 (0.040,0.042)
Country
Configural invariance	7899.22	3296	–	–	0.905	–	0.895	0.044	0.052 (0.050,0.053)
Metric invariance	8150.93	3398	251.71	102	0.901	0.004	0.895	0.047	0.052 (0.050,0.053)
Scalar invariance	8656.23	3500	505.30	102	0.893	0.008	0.890	0.049	0.053 (0.052,0.055)
Residual invariance	8914.95	3527	261.72	27	0.888	0.005	0.886	0.062	0.054 (0.053,0.056)
Skill level
Configural invariance	7261.64	3296	–	–	0.919	–	0.911	0.040	0.048 (0.047,0.050)
Metric invariance	7376.37	3398	114.73	102	0.918	0.001	0.913	0.042	0.047 (0.046,0.049)
Scalar invariance	7643.33	3500	266.96	102	0.915	0.003	0.912	0.043	0.048 (0.046,0.049)
Residual invariance	7707.94	3527	64.61	27	0.914	0.001	0.912	0.044	0.048 (0.046,0.049)

Grouping variables were as follows: Gender: (1) male, (2) female; Country: (1) United Kingdom, (2) Australia, (3) United States, (4) Hong Kong; Skill level: (1) Beginner, (2) Amateur, (3) Semi-professional/County/State, (4) Professional/National/International.