TABLE 2.
Multi-group SEM standardized parameter estimates (95% CI) for gender, country of residence, and skill level.
| Model | THR→ATT | BEN→ATT | EST→ATT | CHE→ATT | LEG→ATT | REF→ATT | ATT→STR | STR→SUS | REF→SUS | ATT→SUS | R2 SUS |
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Male | −0.08 (−0.16,0.01) | 0.25 (0.17,0.33) | −0.14 (−0.23,−0.06) | 0.39 (0.28,0.50) | 0.04 (0.12,0.05) | 0.04 (−0.05,0.13) | 0.28 (0.20,0.37) | 0.10 (0.03,0.17) | 0.41 (0.32,0.49) | 0.46 (0.37,0.55) | 0.58 |
| Female | 0.06 (−0.05,0.18) | 0.26 (0.15,0.37) | −0.08 (−0.19,0.02) | 0.45 (0.29,0.61) | −0.10 (−0.21,0.02) | 0.07 (−0.05,0.18) | 0.32 (0.22,0.42) | 0.07 (−0.04,0.18) | 0.42 (0.30,0.55) | 0.36 (0.21,0.51) | 0.46 |
| Country | |||||||||||
| United Kingdom | −0.03 (−0.13,0.06) | 0.18 (0.10,0.27) | −0.10 (−0.19, −0.01) | 0.42 (0.31,0.54) | −0.12 (−0.21,−0.04) | 0.07 (−0.03,0.16) | 0.25 (0.15,0.34) | 0.09 (0.01,0.17) | 0.38 (0.28,0.49) | 0.46 (0.35,0.56) | 0.53 |
| Australia | 0.09 (−0.04,0.22) | 0.16 (0.03,0.28) | −0.12 (−0.32,0.07) | 0.37 (0.06,0.67) | −0.04 (−0.19,0.11) | 0.05 (−0.11,0.20) | 0.30 (0.17,0.43) | 0.19 (0.06,0.32) | 0.46 (0.31,0.61) | 0.30 (0.05,0.55) | 0.46 |
| United States | −0.18 (−0.32, −0.05) | 0.50 (0.31,0.70) | −0.03 (−0.18,0.13) | 0.08 (−0.24,0.39) | 0.11 (−0.03,0.26) | 0.16 (−0.09,0.40) | 0.23 (0.03,0.44) | −0.06 (−0.23,0.11) | 0.60 (0.42,0.78) | 0.43 (0.23,0.63) | 0.71 |
| Hong Kong | −0.08 (−0.34,0.18) | 0.34 (0.20,0.48) | −0.21 (−0.37, −0.06) | 0.51 (0.33,0.69) | 0.05 (−0.16,0.26) | −0.06 (−0.21,0.09) | 0.42 (0.25,0.60) | 0.06 (−0.12,0.24) | 0.35 (0.17,0.53) | 0.47 (0.26,0.68) | 0.52 |
| Skill Level | |||||||||||
| Beginner | −0.25 (−0.51,0.01) | 0.22 (−0.07,0.52) | 0.02 (−0.30,0.34) | 0.26 (−0.03,0.55) | 0.03 (−0.23,0.29) | 0.01 (−0.23,0.24) | 0.17 (−0.06,0.40) | 0.04 (−0.18,0.25) | 0.26 (0.00,0.52) | 0.49 (0.27,0.70) | 0.37 |
| Amateur | −0.01 (−0.10,0.08) | 0.26 (0.19,0.34) | −0.13 (−0.21,−0.05) | 0.43 (0.32,0.54) | −0.08 (−0.16,0.00) | 0.04 (−0.05,0.13) | 0.30 (−0.22,0.39) | 0.11 (0.05,0.18) | 0.42 (0.34,0.51) | 0.42 (0.33,0.52) | 0.55 |
| National | −0.07 (−0.26,0.12) | 0.20 (0.04,0.35) | −0.06 (−0.24,0.12) | 0.31 (0.05,0.57) | −0.03 (−0.24,0.18) | 0.15 (−0.02,0.32) | 0.27 (0.14,0.41) | 0.07 (−0.07,0.21) | 0.50 (0.31,0.69) | 0.38 (0.17,0.60) | 0.58 |
| International | −0.11 (−0.26,0.03) | 0.33 (−0.17,0.49) | −0.22 (0.37, −0.06) | 0.46 (0.23,0.69_ | −0.05 (0.19,0.09) | 0.05 (−0.12,0.23) | 0.38 (0.17,0.60) | −0.05 (−0.25,0.15) | 0.32 (0.10,0.54) | 0.57 (0.32, 82) | 0.57 |
THR, Threat; BEN, Benefit; EST, Esteem; CHE, Cheating; LEG, Legitimacy; REF, Reference Group; ATT, Attitude; STR, Stress; SUS, Susceptibility. Statistical significance indicated by absence of zero within 95% confidence intervals.