Table 1.
The overview of comparison of MAPE values between grey prediction models and optimized grey prediction models in the literature.
| Reference | Study | Grey prediction models | MAPE (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wen et al., 2000 | Cage-net amounts of fish | GM(1,1) | 10.32 |
| OGM(1,1) | 7.86 | ||
| Shang and Pei, 2009 | Chinese rural gross domestic product | GM(1,1) | 4.45 |
| OGM(1,1) | 4.06 | ||
| Ene and Öztürk, 2017 | End-of-life vehicles of West Anatolia region | GM(1,1) | 4.83 |
| OGM(1,1) | 4.62 | ||
| Hsu, 2009 | Taiwan's integrated circuit industry output | GM(1,N) | 0.29 |
| OGM(1,N) | 0.24 | ||
| Zhong et al., 2017 | Photovoltaic power generation (for April) | GM(1,N) | 3.53 |
| OGM(1,N) | 7.14 | ||
| Wang and Hao, 2016 | Industrial energy consumption in China | GMC(1,N) | 11.24 |
| OGMC(1,N) | 8.34 | ||
| Zhou et al., 2009 | Power load of Hubei electric power network | GM(1,1) | 3.63 |
| OGM(1,1) | 3.61 | ||
| NGBM(1,1) | 1.79 | ||
| ONGBM(1,1) | 1.78 | ||
| Zhao et al., 2012 | Per capita annual net income of rural households in China | GM(1,1) | 8.29 |
| OGM(1,1) | 7.88 | ||
| MGM(1,1) | 4.69 | ||
| OMGM(1,1) | 2.79 | ||
| Ma et al., 2013 | Iron ore import of China | GM(1,1) | 16.88 |
| OGM(1,1) | 14.45 | ||
| MGM(1,1) | 6.70 | ||
| OMGM(1,1) | 2.31 | ||
| Liu et al., 2014 | Financial intermediation in Beijing | MGM(1,1) | 8.36 |
| OMGM(1,1) | 0.05 | ||
| Real estate in Beijing | MGM(1,1) | 61.77 | |
| OMGM(1,1) | 0.99 | ||
| Semiconductor industry production in Beijing | MGM(1,1) | 10.52 | |
| OMGM(1,1) | 8.38 | ||
| Wang et al., 2017 | Beijing's tertiary industry | GM(1,1) | 4.54 |
| OGM(1,1) | 4.05 | ||
| MGM(1,1) | 4.54 | ||
| OMGM(1,1) | 0.07 | ||
| Beijing's other services industry | GM(1,1) | 12.11 | |
| OGM(1,1) | 11.22 | ||
| MGM(1,1) | 8.04 | ||
| OMGM(1,1) | 0.12 | ||
| Li et al., 2018 | Spontaneous combustion of the stockpiled coal | MGM(1,1) | 1.83 |
| OMGM(1,1) | 0.50 | ||
| Şahin, 2019 | Turkey's GHG emissions from the energy sector | MGM(1,1) | 5.55 |
| OMGM(1,1) | 5.26 | ||
| NMGM(1,1) | 5.25 | ||
| ONMGM(1,1) | 5.19 | ||
| Wang et al., 2011 | Opto-electronics components in Taiwan | NGBM(1,1) | 4.82 |
| ONGBM(1,1) | 4.04 | ||
| Opto-electronics application in Taiwan | NGBM(1,1) | 4.10 | |
| ONGBM(1,1) | 3.10 | ||
| Lu et al., 2016 | Foreign exchange rates in Taiwan | NGBM(1,1) | 0.25 |
| ONGBM(1,1) | 0.10 |