Table 1.
The Statistical Risk Factors of Recurrent Colorectal Polyps
| Risk factors | Qualified risk | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Patient characteristics | ||
| Male sex | 1.20 (0.83–1.61) | 0.040 |
| Sedentary behavior | 1.47 (1.03–2.11) | 0.030 |
| Age (>60 yr, with hypertension) | 2.44 (1.34–4.45) | 0.004 |
| Past history (FAP) | 2.25 (1.32–3.84) | 0.020 |
| Obesity | 7.61 (1.58–36.48) | 0.011 |
| Exercise (>1 hr/wk) | 0.34 (0.14–0.81) | 0.015 |
| Resting heart rate (>81 beats/min) | 6.18 (1.18–32.37) | 0.030 |
| Body mass index (≥30 kg/m2) | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | 0.040 |
| Cigarette smoking | 2.88 (2.06–4.01) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol preference | 1.67 (1.05–2.21) | 0.003 |
| NSAID intake | 0.77 (0.63–0.95) | 0.020 |
| IL-10-1082 G>A* | 1.55 (1.00–2.43) | 0.01 |
| Celecoxib | 0.38 (0.16–0.89) | 0.030 |
| Gene polymorphism | ||
| IL1B-31 (C>T) heterozygotes | 1.80 (1.20–2.90) | 0.020 |
| IL-10-592 C homozygotes | 2.23 (1.07–4.66) | 0.03 |
| IL-10-891 C homozygotes | 2.18 (1.05–4.51) | 0.05 |
| DRD2 rs1799732 CT | 1.30 (1.01–1.69) | 0.03 |
| DRD2 rs1800497 TT | 2.40 (1.11–5.20) | 0.02 |
| CYP24A1 rs927650 T heterozygotes | 1.30 (0.99–1.70) | 0.04 |
| CYP24A1 rs927650 TT | 1.38 (1.01–1.89) | 0.04 |
| CYP2C9 rs1799853 | 1.29 (1.09–1.51) | 0.04 |
| CYP2C9 rs1057910 | 1.47 (1.19–1.83) | 0.04 |
| COX-2 rs5277 CC | 1.51 (1.01–2.25) | 0.02 |
| COX-2 rs4648310 G heterozygotes | 1.37 (1.05–1.79) | 0.03 |
| Race (blacks and whites, 39.2% vs 39.4%) | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | 0.02 |
| Polyps characteristics | ||
| Proximal (right-sided) and ascending colon | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | 0.02 |
| Number (≥3) | 2.25 (1.20–4.21) | <0.001 |
| Diameter (≤5 mm) | 2.07 (1.56–7.60) | 0.002 |
| Lesion occupying (≥75% of the luminal circumference) | 5.6 (2.4–12.9) | <0.001 |
| Villous structure | 1.55 (1.06–2.25) | 0.003 |
| Procedural factors | ||
| Conventional EMR | 3.2 (1.2–8.5) | 0.03 |
| EPMR | 2.43 (1.34–5.64) | 0.04 |
| Missed diagnosis | 3.4 (1.6–7.4) | 0.003 |
| Daily diet† | ||
| Dietary fiber (insoluble) | 0.88 (0.35–1.57) | 0.28 |
| Dietary fiber (soluble) | 0.65 (0.47–0.92) | 0.02 |
| Dry beans | 0.35 (0.18–0.69) | 0.001 |
| Folate (low serum concentration) | 1.34 (0.32–1.74) | 0.002 |
| MTHFR C677T* | 1.3 (1.00–1.81) | 0.04 |
| β-Carotene | ||
| Non-smoker | 0.56 (0.35–0.89) | <0.001 |
| Smoker with alcohol preference | 2.07 (1.39–3.08) | <0.001 |
| Red meat (for advanced adenoma) | ||
| Pan-fried red meat | 1.85 (1.10–3.13) | 0.02 |
| Well-done red meat | 1.71 (1.02–2.86) | 0.03 |
| Flavonols | ||
| IL-6-174 GG* | 0.14 (0.03–0.66) | 0.02 |
| Vitamin D, calcium, and milk | 0.64 (0.47–0.88) | 0.005 |
| Lignin (female) | 2.07 (1.22–3.52) | 0.004 |
| Serum homocysteine | 2.26 (1.30–3.94) | 0.02 |
| Serum ferritin (>70 µg/L) | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) | 0.04 |
| Prophylaxis | ||
| Hormone replacement therapy | 0.58 (0.35–0.87) | 0.02 |
| Selenium supplementation | 0.82 (0.71–0.96) | 0.01 |
| Metformin | 0.57 (0.39–0.85) | 0.006 |
| Low-dose aspirin | 0.75 (0.59–0.96) | 0.02 |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid | 0.61 (0.39–0.96) | 0.03 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FAP, familial adenomatous polyposis; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; IL, interleukin; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; EPMR, endoscopic piecemeal mucosal resection.
*
The particular genotype of a patient who consumed a diet or received drugs that differed from the genotype in the left column; †The maximum preventive effect of each dietary factor.