TABLE 1.
Odds ratios for 89 biomarkers (corrected for age, sex, and atrial fibrillation) in the total population with and without aortic valve calcification and subdivided in female and male populations.
| Total population | Female | Male | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Adrenomedullin (AM) | 0.828 (0.276–2.479) | 0.894 | 1.891 (0.204–17.499) | 0.575 | 0.571 (0.145–2.240) | 0.422 |
| Agouti−related protein (AGRP) | 0.878 (0.397–1.945) | 0.749 | 2.179 (0.298–15.954) | 0.443 | 0.646 (0.259–1.615) | 0.350 |
| Angiopoietin-1 receptor (TIE2) | 0.906 (0.239–3.437) | 0.884 | 29.457 (0.461–1881.605) | 0.111 | 0.412 (0.088–1.925) | 0.259 |
| Beta-nerve growth factor (Beta-NGF) | 0.775 (0.241–2.490) | 0.668 | 1.804 (0.081–40.356) | 0.710 | 0.642 (0.170–2.425) | 0.513 |
| Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) | 0.982 (0.497–1.941) | 0.959 | 1.097 (0.251–4.796) | 0.902 | 1.007 (0.459–2.212) | 0.986 |
| Caspase 8 (CASP8) | 0.989 (0.532–1.840) | 0.973 | 0.836 (0.265–2.633) | 0.759 | 1.089 (0.531–2.232) | 0.816 |
| Cathepsin D (CTSD) | 1.313 (0.560–3.079) | 0.532 | 4.289 (0.553–33.247) | 0.163 | 1.119 (0.415–3.015) | 0.824 |
| Cathepsin L1 (CTSL1) | 1.654 (0.474–5.771) | 0.430 | 5.412 (0.142–206.068) | 0.363 | 1.322 (0.340–5.147) | 0.687 |
| C-C motif chemokine 3 (CCL3) | 1.528 (0.501–4.660) | 0.456 | 0.786 (0.090–6.881) | 0.827 | 1.651 (0.430–6.340) | 0.466 |
| C-C motif chemokine 4 (CCL4) | 1.539 (0.850–2.786) | 0.154 | 1.033 (0.392–2.725) | 0.948 | 1.655 (0.781–3.510) | 0.189 |
| C-C motif chemokine 20 (CCL20) | 1.225 (0.846–1.774) | 0.283 | 1.472 (0.546–3.965) | 0.444 | 1.256 (0.839–1.880) | 0.268 |
| CD40 ligand (CD40L) | 0.705 (0.422–1.180) | 0.183 | 0.971 (0.349–2.699) | 0.955 | 0.659 (0.363–1.194) | 0.169 |
| CD40L receptor (CD40) | 0.599 (0.224–1.603) | 0.307 | 1.849 (0.187–18.290) | 0.599 | 0.400 (0.121–1.330) | 0.135 |
| Chitinase−3−like protein 1 (CHI3L1) | 1.241 (0.751–2.050) | 0.399 | 1.134 (0.411–3.128) | 0.808 | 1.302 (0.719–2.356) | 0.383 |
| C-X−C motif chemokine 1 (CXCL1) | 0.629 (0.374–1.058) | 0.080 | 0.688 (0.233–2.032) | 0.499 | 0.660 (0.369–1.180) | 0.161 |
| C-X−C motif chemokine 6 (CXCL6) | 0.868 (0.503–1.498) | 0.610 | 1.040 (0.494–2.190) | 0.917 | 0.555 (0.227–1.356) | 0.196 |
| C-X−C motif chemokine 16 (CXCL16) | 1.416 (0.401–4.999) | 0.589 | 10.291 (0.424–249.714) | 0.152 | 0.876 (0.204–3.755) | 0.859 |
| Cystatin B (CSTB) | 1.194 (0.650–2.193) | 0.567 | 1.195 (0.380–3.761) | 0.760 | 1.315 (0.627–2.760) | 0.468 |
| Dickkopf−related protein 1 (DKK1) | 0.642 (0.315–1.311) | 0.224 | 0.773 (0.199–3.010) | 0.711 | 0.663 (0.284–1.547) | 0.341 |
| Endothelial cell−specific molecule 1 (ESM1) | 0.696 (0.280–1.733) | 0.436 | 1.203 (0.232–6.235) | 0.826 | 0.508 (0.154–1.673) | 0.266 |
| Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) | 1.060 (0.544–2.066) | 0.864 | 0.280 (0.051–1.524) | 0.141 | 1.615 (0.762–3.425) | 0.211 |
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | 0.662 (0.425–1.032) | 0.069 | 0.696 (0.284–1.705) | 0.428 | 0.669 (0.403–1.111) | 0.120 |
| E-selectin (SELE) | 0.978 (0.490–1.951) | 0.949 | 1.339 (0.288–6.236) | 0.710 | 1.051 (0.462–2.389) | 0.906 |
| Fatty acid−binding protein 4 (FABP4) | 0.894 (0.373–2.142) | 0.801 | 1.377 (0.142–13.348) | 0.783 | 0.799 (0.291–2.193) | 0.663 |
| Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) | 0.699 (0.376–1.297) | 0.256 | 1.417 (0.451–4.456) | 0.551 | 0.410 (0.170–0.991) | 0.048 |
| Follistatin (FS) | 0.835 (0.354–1.968) | 0.835 | 0.790 (0.163–3.823) | 0.769 | 0.970 (0.329–2.859) | 0.955 |
| Fractalkine (CX3CL1) | 1.148 (0.397–3.319) | 0.798 | 2.823 (0.349–22.850) | 0.331 | 0.559 (0.150–2.090) | 0.388 |
| Galanin peptides (GAL) | 1.437 (0.723–2.853) | 0.301 | 12.381 (1.314–116.694) | 0.028 | 0.867 (0.405–1.859) | 0.715 |
| Galectin 3 (GAL3) | 1.000 (0.443–2.255) | > 0.999 | 1.276 (0.321–5.072) | 0.729 | 0.825 (0.304–2.238) | 0.705 |
| Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) | 1.218 (0.543–2.729) | 0.632 | 0.968 (0.088–10.710) | 0.979 | 1.222 (0.515–2.900) | 0.650 |
| Growth hormone (GH) | 0.976 (0.801–1.189) | 0.806 | 1.227 (0.724–2.080) | 0.447 | 0.908 (0.715–1.154) | 0.430 |
| Heat shock 27 kDa protein (HSP27) | 0.839 (0.549–1.284) | 0.419 | 0.940 (0.383–2.306) | 0.940 | 0.803 (0.490–1.316) | 0.384 |
| Heparin-binding EGF−like growth factor (HB-EGF) | 0.355 (0.094–1.345) | 0.128 | 0.524 (0.039–7.092) | 0.627 | 0.317 (0.067–1.510) | 0.149 |
| Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) | 0.942 (0.419–2.121) | 0.886 | 0.970 (0.245–3.850) | 0.966 | 1.339 (0.389–4.612) | 0.644 |
| Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist protein (IL1RA) | 2.289 (1.126–4.651) | 0.022 | 2.192 (0.469–10.245) | 0.319 | 2.790 (1.163–6.695 | 0.022 |
| Interleukin 6 (IL6) | 1.296 (0.859–1.957) | 0.217 | 1.315 (0.455–3.803) | 0.613 | 1.326 (0.824–2.133) | 0.245 |
| Interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha (IL6RA) | 0.739 (0.281–1.941) | 0.539 | 0.954 (0.126–7.239) | 0.964 | 0.763 (0.243–2.392) | 0.763 |
| Interleukin 8 (IL8) | 1.713 (0.829–3.542) | 0.146 | 1.007 (0.321–3.161) | 0.991 | 2.698 (1.001–7.270) | 0.050 |
| Interleukin 16 (IL16) | 1.033 (0.463–2.306) | 0.937 | 2.637 (0.233–29.828) | 0.433 | 0.871 (0.364–2.084) | 0.757 |
| Interleukin 18 (IL18) | 0.831 (0.377–1.828) | 0.645 | 1.457 (0.282–7.529) | 0.653 | 0.746 (0.302–1.845) | 0.526 |
| Interleukin-27 subunit alpha (IL27A) | 2.216 (0.645–7.617) | 0.206 | 2.004 (0.204–19.706) | 0.551 | 1.986 (0.449–8.779) | 0.366 |
| Kallikrein 6 (KLK6) | 1.270 (0.441–2.660) | 0.658 | 17.093 (0.713–409.697) | 0.080 | 0.681 (0.200–2.310) | 0.537 |
| Kallikrein 11 (hK11) | 0.898 (0.329–2.453) | 0.834 | 3.081 (0.355–26.763) | 0.308 | 0.667 (0.208–2.141) | 0.496 |
| Lectin−like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX1) | 1.012 (0.513–1.995) | 0.972 | 0.965 (0.211–4.417) | 0.963 | 1.150 (0.530–2.499) | 0.723 |
| Leptin (LEP) | 1.705 (0.992–2.929) | 0.053 | 3.294 (0.828–13.098) | 0.091 | 1.617 (0.853–3.068) | 0.141 |
| Macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF1) | 2.330 (0.410–13.245) | 0.340 | 5.189 (0.141–190.728) | 0.371 | 1.709 (0.219–13.309) | 0.609 |
| Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) | 0.863 (0.463–1.607) | 0.641 | 0.945 (0.308–2.894) | 0.920 | 1.002 (0.452–2.220) | 0.996 |
| Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) | 0.998 (0.500–1.990) | 0.995 | 5.854 (0.932–36.759) | 0.059 | 0.562 (0.218–1.446) | 0.232 |
| Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP7) | 1.517 (0.687–3.349) | 0.302 | 1.731 (0.433–6.918) | 0.438 | 1.518 (0.564–4.089) | 0.409 |
| Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP10) | 1.278 (0.651–2.510) | 0.476 | 1.793 (0.469–6.863) | 0.394 | 1.133 (0.492–2.607) | 0.770 |
| Matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12) | 1.583 (0.888–2.823) | 0.119 | 1.121 (0.293–4.297) | 0.867 | 1.600 (0.836–3.059) | 0.156 |
| Membrane−bound aminopeptidase P (mAmP) | 1.031 (0.711–1.494) | 0.874 | 1.220 (0.536–2.775) | 0.636 | 0.892 (0.573–1.387) | 0.612 |
| Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) | 2.098 (0.922–4.772) | 0.077 | 0.880 (0.128–6.069) | 0.897 | 2.635 (1.021–6.805) | 0.045 |
| Myeloperoxidase (MPO) | 1.011 (0.268–3.821) | 0.987 | 1.535 (0.064–37.027) | 0.792 | 0.784 (0.165–3.723) | 0.760 |
| Myoglobin (MB) | 1.387 (0.688–2.793) | 0.360 | 2.616 (0.466–14.682) | 0.274 | 1.009 (0.445–2.288) | 0.983 |
| NF−kappa−B essential modulator (NEMO) | 0.664 (0.365–1.206) | 0.179 | 0.562 (0.146–2.166) | 0.403 | 0.722 (0.377–1.384) | 0.327 |
| N−terminal pro −B−type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) | 0.938 (0.617–1.426) | 0.766 | 0.976 (0.356–2.680) | 0.963 | 0.841 (0.521–1.356) | 0.477 |
| Osteoprotegerin (OPG) | 1.449 (0.500–4.197) | 0.495 | 2.777 (0.384–20.076) | 0.311 | 1.246 (0.320–4.857) | 0.751 |
| Pappalysin−1 (PAPPA) | 0.367 (0.155–0.870) | 0.023 | 0.644 (0.088–4.738) | 0.666 | 0.303 (0.110–0.836) | 0.021 |
| Pentraxin-related protein PTX3 (PTX3) | 0.564 (0.234–1.358) | 0.201 | 0.878 (0.164–4.702) | 0.880 | 0.506 (0.172–1.485) | 0.215 |
| Placenta growth factor (PIGF) | 0.849 (0.252–2.861) | 0.792 | 4.359 (0.292–65.031) | 0.286 | 0.480 (0.108–2.127) | 0.334 |
| Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFsuB) | 0.813 (0.577–1.152) | 0.246 | 0.582 (0.275–1.234) | 0.158 | 0.937 (0.635–1.382) | 0.742 |
| Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM1) | 0.600 (0.225–1.602) | 0.308 | 4.398 (0.300–64.463) | 0.280 | 0.393 (0.125–1.238) | 0.111 |
| Prolactin (PRL) | 1.031 (0.586–1.812) | 0.916 | 1.796 (0.577–5.594) | 0.312 | 0.705 (0.333–1.493) | 0.361 |
| Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) | 0.733 (0.243–2.208) | 0.580 | 1.501 (0.152–14.851) | 0.729 | 0.638 (0.179–2.269) | 0.487 |
| Protein S100-A12 (EN-RAGE) | 1.179 (0.627–2.216) | 0.609 | 1.509 (0.470–4.847) | 0.489 | 1.088 (0.497–2.380) | 0.832 |
| Proto-oncogene tyrosine−protein kinase Src (SRC) | 0.705 (0.418–1.186) | 0.188 | 0.962 (0.350–2.641) | 0.939 | 0.650 (0.347–1.218) | 0.178 |
| P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) | 1.749 (0.222–13.749) | 0.595 | 62.819 (0.284–13874.08) | 0.133 | 0.670 (0.060–7.443) | 0.744 |
| Receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE) | 0696 (0.260–1.863) | 0.470 | 7.234 (0.529–98.950) | 0.138 | 0.306 (0.087–1.082) | 0.066 |
| Renin (REN) | 1.438 (0.816–2.533) | 0.209 | 2.332 (0.696–7.819) | 0.170 | 1.073 (0.527–2.181) | 0.847 |
| Resistin (RETN) | 0.704 (0.335–1.480) | 0.354 | 1.503 (0.231–9.780) | 0.670 | 0.651 (0.276–1.534) | 0.326 |
| SIR2-like protein (SIRT2) | 0.908 (0.674–1.224) | 0.526 | 0.856 (0.533–1.375) | 0.521 | 0.960 (0.654–1.408) | 0.834 |
| Spondin 1 (SPON1) | 0.515 (0.154–1.724) | 0.282 | 1.677 (0.050–56.731) | 0.773 | 0.435 (0.114–1.657) | 0.222 |
| ST2 protein (ST2) | 0.975 (0.473–2.012) | 0.946 | 13.638 (1.211–153.533) | 0.034 | 0.604 (0.258–1.411) | 0.244 |
| Stem cell factor (SCF) | 0.822 (0.272–2.488) | 0.729 | 2.421 (0.182–32.147) | 0.503 | 0.566 (0.158–2.023) | 0.381 |
| T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM) | 1.448 (0.784–2.677) | 0.237 | 1.152 (0.296–4.484) | 0.838 | 1.548 (0.766–3.129) | 0.223 |
| Thrombomodulin (TM) | 1.361 (0.396–4.684) | 0.624 | 269.71 (3.057–23798.388) | 0.014 | 0.497 (0.115–2.149) | 0.349 |
| Tissue factor (TF) | 1.219 (0.346–4.297) | 0.758 | 6.166 (0.308–123.627) | 0.234 | 0.752 (0.174–3.246) | 0.702 |
| Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) | 0.612 (0.284–1.322) | 0.211 | 0.683 (0.099–4.715) | 0.699 | 0.581 (0.248–1.360) | 0.211 |
| TNF-related activation−induced cytokine (TRANCE) | 0.560 (0.262–1.198) | 0.135 | 2.143 (0.324–14.187) | 0.429 | 0.313 (0.123–0.799) | 0.015 |
| TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) | 1.554 (0.379–6.375) | 0.541 | 4.111 (0.247–68.385) | 0.324 | 1.120 (0.214–5.866) | 0.893 |
| TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAILR2) | 1.185 (0.349–4.021) | 0.786 | 2.140 (0.108–42.467) | 0.618 | 1.128 (0.276–4.611) | 0.867 |
| Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS) | 0.906 (0.297–2.766) | 0.862 | 6.474 (0.575–72.853) | 0.130 | 0.475 (0.120–1.879) | 0.289 |
| Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14) | 2.401 (0.840–6.860) | 0.102 | 3.224 (0.327–31.749) | 0.316 | 2.254 (0.699–7.271) | 0.174 |
| Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) | 1.419 (0.407–4.944) | 0.582 | 4.016 (0.304–52.991) | 0.291 | 1.023 (0.226–4.634) | 0.977 |
| Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) | 1.401 (0.546–3.592) | 0.483 | 3.164 (0.324–30.891) | 0.322 | 1.209 (0.412–3.545) | 0.729 |
| Urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (UPAR) | 3.070 (0.879–10.726) | 0.079 | 4.499 (0.267–75.939) | 0.297 | 3.195 (0.699–14.610) | 0.134 |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) | 1.094 (0.309–3.870) | 0.889 | 5.119 (0.293–89.384) | 0.263 | 0.785 (0.182–3.382) | 0.745 |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) | 1.093 (0.478–2.499) | 0.833 | 2.614 (0.364–18.754) | 0.339 | 0.957 (0.451–2.032) | 0.909 |
Significant values are indicated in bold.