Table II.
The NKCC, NLR, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β values of the control and ketamine groups at baseline at 6 and 24 h after the induction of anesthesia.
| Parameter | Control (n=30) | Ketamine (n=30) | Mean difference (95%CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NKCC at 0 h (%) | 36.9±15.6 | 36.1±17.0 | -0.8 (-9.3 to 7.7) | 0.85 |
| NKCC at 6 h (%) | 38.3±13.4 | 36.6±16.4 | -1.6 (-9.3 to 6.1) | 0.68 |
| NKCC at 24 h (%) | 26.5±12.2a | 24.1±12.7a | -2.3 (-8.8 to 4.1) | 0.47 |
| NLR before surgery | 3.3±2.0 | 3.0±1.4 | -0.2 (-1.1 to 0.6) | 0.59 |
| NLR after surgery | 6.5±2.4 | 6.2±3.7 | -0.3 (-1.9 to 1.3) | 0.69 |
| Delta NLR | 3.2±1.8 | 3.1±3.4 | -0.1 (-1.5 to 1.3) | 0.90 |
| TNF-α at 0 h (pg ml-1) | 1.0±0.5 | 1.0±0.4 | 0 (-0.2 to 0.2) | 0.96 |
| TNF-α at 6 h (pg ml-1) | 1.0±0.5 | 1.1±0.5 | 0.1 (-0.2 to 0.3) | 0.68 |
| TNF-α at 24 h (pg ml-1) | 1.1±0.5 | 1.1±0.4 | 0.1 (-0.2 to 0.3) | 0.67 |
| IL-6 at 0 h (pg ml-1) | 1.5±1.0 | 1.3±0.8 | -0.2 (-0.6 to 0.3) | 0.42 |
| IL-6 at 6 h (pg ml-1) | 51.4±23.4a | 41. 5±22.9a | -10.0 (-22.0 to 2.0) | 0.10 |
| IL-6 at 24 h (pg ml-1) | 34.4±13.9a | 27.1±13.5a,b | -7.3 (-14.4 to -0.2) | 0.04 |
| IL-10 at 0 h (pg ml-1) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.a. |
| IL-10 at 6 h (pg ml-1) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.a. |
| IL-10 at 24 h (pg ml-1) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.a. |
| IL-1β at 0 h (pg ml-1) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.a. |
| IL-1β at 6 h (pg ml-1) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.a. |
| IL-1β at 24 h (pg ml-1) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.a. |
aP<0.001, 0 vs. 6 h and 24 h.
bP<0.05 control vs. ketamine group. Data are the mean ± standard deviation. Delta NLR, NLR value after surgery-before surgery; IL, interleukin; n.a., not analyzed; n.d., not detected; NKCC, natural killer cell cytotoxicity; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor-α; CI, confidence interval.