Table 2.
Geometric Means and Between Group Differences of Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect
| (a) Cousers versus cigarette smokers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent compound or indication | Biomarkers | Cousers (n = 167) Unadjusted GM (95% CI) |
Cigarette smokers (n = 911) Unadjusted GM (95% CI) |
p (unadjusted)a | Cousers (n = 167) Adj. GM (95% CI) |
Cigarette smokers (n = 911) Adj. GM (95% CI) |
p (adjusted)b |
| NNK | NNAL, pmol/mg | 0.97 (0.85, 1.11) | 1.36 (1.28, 1.44) | <.001 | 0.83 (0.70, 0.98) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.04) | .467 |
| Acrolein | 3-HPMA, nmol/mg | 7.02 (6.24, 7.89) | 6.78 (6.47, 7.09) | .586 | 6.79 (5.83, 7.90) | 5.77 (4.92, 6.76) | .019 |
| Acrylonitrile | CEMA, nmol/mg | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.63 (0.60, 0.66) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 0.55 (0.42, 0.65) | <.001 |
| Propylene oxide | 2-HPMA, nmol/mg | 0.65 (0.48, 0.73) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.69) | .952 | 0.69 (0.58, 0.83) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.80) | .626 |
| Crotonaldehyde | HMPMA, nmol/mg | 3.95 (3.53, 4.43) | 4.00 (3.82, 4.18) | .864 | 3.99 (3.44, 4.62) | 3.52 (3.01, 4.10) | .060 |
| Benzene | SPMA, pmol/mg | 3.98 (3.39, 4.67) | 3.50 (3.26, 3.75) | .154 | 3.58 (2.84, 4.51) | 2.65 (2.08, 3.38) | .005 |
| Phenanthrene | PheT, pmol/mg | 3.15 (2.80, 3.56) | 2.18 (2.08, 2.29) | <.001 | 2.67 (2.27, 3.14) | 1.86 (1.57, 2.20) | <.001 |
| (b) Blunt users versus nonblunt cousers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent compound or indication | Biomarkers | Blunt users (n = 34) Unadjusted GM (95% CI) |
Nonblunt cousers (n = 133) Unadjusted GM (95% CI) |
p (unadjusted)a | Blunt users (n = 34) Adj. GM (95% CI) |
Nonblunt cousers (n = 133) Adj. GM (95% CI) |
p (adjusted)c |
| NNK | NNAL, pmol/mg | 0.66 (0.51, 0.85) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | .002 | 0.83 (0.64, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | .359 |
| Acrolein | 3-HPMA, nmol/mg | 4.90 (3.82, 6.27) | 7.70 (6.77, 8.74) | .003 | 7.46 (5.84, 9.52) | 9.25 (7.86, 10.87) | .088 |
| Acrylonitrile | CEMA, nmol/mg | 0.73 (0.56, 0.95) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) | .025 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.39) | .360 |
| Propylene oxide | 2-HPMA, nmol/mg | 0.54 (0.40, 0.73) | 0.68 (0.59, 0.77) | .178 | 0.62 (0.44, 0.89) | 0.63 (0.50, 0.80) | .922 |
| Crotonaldehyde | HMPMA, nmol/mg | 2.77 (2.14, 3.59) | 4.33 (3.83, 4.90) | .004 | 4.29 (3.39, 5.42) | 5.29 (4.53, 6.18) | .084 |
| Benzene | SPMA, pmol/mg | 2.61 (1.75, 3.90) | 4.43 (3.74, 5.25) | .022 | 2.75 (1.81, 4.18) | 3.77 (2.85, 4.98) | .143 |
| Phenanthrene | PheT, pmol/mg | 2.19 (1.72, 2.78) | 3.46 (3.03, 3.96) | .002 | 2.78 (2.03, 3.81) | 2.98 (2.42, 3.67) | .674 |
2-HPMA = 2-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid; 3-HPMA = 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid; CEMA = 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid; CI = confidence interval; CPD = cigarettes per day; FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; GM = geometric mean; HMPMA = 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid; PheT = phenanthrene tetraol; SPMA = S-phenylmercapturic acid; TNE = total nicotine equivalent.
a p value from two-sample t test.
b p value from use group coefficient in regression model adjusting for age, gender, race (white/black/other), smoking duration, FTND, blunt use, nonblunt other tobacco product use, and cigarette brand.
c p value from use group coefficient in regression model adjusting for age, race (white/black/other), smoking duration, CPD, log TNE, menthol use, number of cannabis use days during baseline, and cigarette brand.