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. 2020 Mar 17;95:9. doi: 10.1186/s42506-019-0034-5

Table 2.

Prevalence and concentration index of stunting, underweight, wasting, overweight, anemia, under-5 mortality by household wealth quintile, and mother’s education; DHS, 2008–2017

Variable Stunting Underweight Wasting Overweight Anemia Under-5 survival
Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Household wealth quintile
 Poorest (%) 9.4 36.9 30.7 10.5 39.8 33.4 8.4 38.5 30.4 6.0 33.1 25.2 7.0 36.2 28.4 6.3 33.6 25.4
 Poorer (%) 11.0 28.6 24.6 11.1 28.4 24.6 8.5 27.6 22.4 8.4 27.6 22.0 9.1 27.8 22.8 8.4 27.6 21.9
 Middle (%) 19.0 20.3 20.0 19.0 18.8 18.9 17.7 19.5 19.1 15.5 21.5 19.7 17.4 20.5 19.7 15.8 21.3 19.7
 Richer (%) 28.7 11.8 15.6 28.3 11.0 14.7 28.5 12.0 16.4 26.6 13.9 17.6 28.6 12.3 16.7 27.1 13.7 17.7
 Richest (%) 31.9 2.4 9.1 31.1 2.1 8.4 36.9 2.4 11.6 43.5 3.9 15.5 37.9 3.1 12.4 42.4 3.8 15.4
 Overall (%) 26.1 38.3 34.6 13.5 21.2 18.9 8.1 9.6 9.1 47.8 48.9 48.5 60.5 66.6 64.9 94.3 93.1 93.5
 Concentration Index value − 0.1194 − 0.0472 − 0.1032 − 0.1304 − 0.0816 − 0.1369 − 0.0493 − 0.0581 − 0.0711 0.0144 0.0093 0.0060 − 0.0486 − 0.0264 − 0.0402 0.0031 0.0024 0.0041
 SE 0.0036 0.0018 0.0017 0.0055 0.0028 0.0025 0.0074 0.0045 0.0039 0.0017 0.0011 0.0009 0.0024 0.0013 0.0012 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002
P valueα < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
Urban-rural comparison
z-stat 17.79 7.90 − 1.02 − 2.53 8.19 − 1.57
 Difference in concentration index values 0.0721 0.0489 − 0.0088 − 0.0051 0.0222 − 0.0008
P valueβ < 0.001 < 0.001 0.309 0.012 < 0.001 0.116
Mother’s educational level
 None (%) 29.9 52.2 47.1 37.3 62.2 56.8 36.4 64.9 57.3 26.3 48.3 41.9 29.5 53.9 47.4 24.9 47.8 40.9
 Primary (%) 35.5 36.9 36.6 31.8 29.0 29.6 27.5 24.7 25.4 28.7 37.0 34.6 31.4 33.7 33.1 30.1 37.1 35.0
 Secondary (%) 31.3 10.5 15.3 28.0 8.5 12.7 31.3 9.9 15.6 38.8 14.1 21.3 35.3 12.1 18.3 38.2 14.3 21.5
 Higher (%) 3.3 0.3 1.0 2.9 0.3 0.8 4.8 0.5 1.7 6.1 0.7 2.2 3.8 0.4 1.3 6.8 0.9 2.6
 Overall (%) 26.1 38.3 34.6 13.5 21.2 18.9 8.1 9.6 9.1 47.8 48.9 48.6 60.5 66.6 64.9 94.3 93.1 93.5
 Concentration Index value − 0.1184 − 0.0624 − 0.0990 − 0.1840 − 0.1539 − 0.1855 − 0.1348 − 0.1680 − 0.1657 − 0.0049 − 0.0011 − 0.0046 − 0.0549 − 0.0507 − 0.056 0.0056 0.0057 0.0064
 SE 0.0036 0.0017 0.0016 0.0055 0.0026 0.0024 0.0074 0.0042 0.0037 0.0017 0.0010 0.0009 0.0023 0.0013 0.0011 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002
P valueα < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.004 0.286 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
Urban-rural comparison
z-stat 13.97 4.94 − 3.91 1.92 1.60 0.20
 Difference in concentration index values 0.0560 0.0301 0.0332 0.0038 0.0043 0.0001
P valueβ < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.055 0.110 0.842

SE standard error; P valueα and P valueβ were obtained using Concentration Index for overall inequalities across socioeconomic groups and measuring rural vs. urban differences, respectively