Table 3.
Demographic details from included papers
| Author & Date | Sample Size | Age & Gender of Caregivers | Relationship to Child | Age of Paediatric Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Specific disease group or condition (if any) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albrecht et al., 2017 [28] | 15 |
21–30 yrs. (20%), 31-40 yrs. (73%), 41–50 yrs. (7%); 80% female |
Parent/caregiver | < 1 yrs.: 27%, 1–2 yrs.: 53%, 3–5 yrs.: 13%, > 5 yrs.: 7% | Highest level of education: Less than high school: (14%), High school diploma: (14%), Post-secondary certificate/diploma: (20%), Post-secondary degree (20%), Graduate degree (33%); Average household income: Under $25,000 (20%), $25,000–$49,000 (20%), $50,000–$74,999 (13%), $75,000–$99,999 (27%), $100,000–$149,999 (27%) | Vomiting & diarrhea |
| Augustine et al., 2016 [29] | 13 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Not reported | Return visits |
| Bartlett et al., 2001 [30] | 140 |
Mean = 33.3 yrs. (SD 6.7); 100% female |
Mothers | Mean: 7.9 yrs. (SD 2.2) | 70% completed high school or obtained a General Education Development certificate and reported having state-sponsored medical assistance (56%) or private health care insurance (36%). | Asthma |
| Benahmed et al., 2012 [31] | 3117 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Mean: 3.3 yrs | 16.7% were considered disadvantaged | Non-urgent |
| Bernthal et al., 2017 [32] | 31 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Berry et al., 2008 [33] | 37 | Mean: 28 yrs. Range:18–59 yrs.; 73% Female | Parent/caregiver | Mean: 3 Range:1.5–11 yrs. | 68% public insurance, 18% private insurance | Not reported |
| Bingham et al., 2015 [34] | 1531 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Buboltz et al., 2015 [35] | 12 |
Not reported; 100% Female |
Mothers (1 grandmother) | Not reported | Considered part of a vulnerable population | Not reported |
| Burokienė et al., 2017 [36] | 381 |
< 35 yrs. (69.5%) Gender not reported |
Parent/caregiver | Not reported | 65% held a university degree | Non-urgent |
| Cabey et al., 2018 [37] | 57 |
Mean: 33 yrs.; Gender not reported |
Parent/caregiver | Mean: 6.5 years | 56.1% employed; 28.1% private insurance | Not reported |
| Chin et al., 2006 [38] | 12 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | All were from zip codes known to represent low- income areas. | Not reported |
| Cooper et al., 2003 [39] | 694 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Ellbrandt et al., 2018 [40] | 657 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range: 0-17 yrs | Lower socioeconomic status contributed to direct care-seeking by almost 40% of parents | Not reported |
| Fieldston et al., 2012 [41] | 25 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | < 5 yrs | Not reported | Not reported |
| Fredrickson et al., 2004 [42] | 2773 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range: 0-17 yrs | Medicaid insured children included | Asthma |
| Freed et al., 2016 [43] | 1150 |
Age Range: 20-40 yrs. Gender not reported |
Parent/caregiver | < 9 yrs | Not reported | Lower urgency |
| Gafforini et al., 2016 [44] | 1150 |
Age Range:20-40 yrs. Gender not reported |
Parent/caregiver | < 9 yrs | Not reported | Lower urgency |
| Grant et al., 2010 [45] | 112 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Mean: 5.7 yrs | 95% were African American and 5% white; 80.6% had Medicaid/SCHIP, 7.8% commercial, and 3.9% other insurance; 7.8% were uninsured | Not reported |
| Grigg et al., 2013 [46] | 20 |
Range: 26-35 yrs. (65%); 79% Female |
Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Latino families | Non-urgent |
| Guttman et al., 2003 [25] | 331 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range: 0-18 yrs | 45% private insurance | Non-urgent |
| Harrold et al., 2018 [47] | 1533 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range: 0–28 days | Not reported | Not reported |
| Hendry et al., 2004 [48] | 465 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Lower socio-economic were over-represented | Not reported | |
| Ingram et al., 2013 [49] | 60 |
Age not reported 91% Female |
Parent/caregiver | Range: 0-17 yrs | Stratified for socio-economic factors | Respiratory Infection |
| Janicke et al., 2003 [50] | 87 |
Mean: 38.4 yrs. 94.3% Female |
Parent/caregiver | Range: 4-9 yrs | White (89.7%), married (87.4%), and upper-middle socioeconomic status families. 96.6% had health insurance | Not reported |
| Klein et al., 2011 [51] | Interviewed (N ¼ 20) and non-interviewed (N ¼ 65) | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range:24-29mths | Mostly Medicaid insured | High frequency visitors |
| Kua et al., 2016 [52] | 49 |
Age Not reported 55% Female |
Parent/caregiver | Mean: 4.3 yrs., Range: 0-15 yrs | Not reported | Non-urgent |
| Kubicek et al., 2012 [53] | 106 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | 45% held an educational level lower than high school; 76% identifiedas Latino/Hispanic, 10% as African American, 7% as White/Caucasian and 5% as Asian; 49% reported an annual household income ofless than $20,000 | Non-urgent | |
| Lara et al., 2003 [54] | 234 |
Mean: 31.5 yrs.; 80% Female |
Parent/caregiver | Mean: 9.4 yrs | 69% Latin American | Asthma |
| Lass et al., 2018 [55] | 9 | Range: 27-42 yrs.; 100% Female | Parent/caregiver | Range: 1-8 yrs | High-income sample | Not reported |
| Long et al., 2018 [26] | 96 | Range: 18-22 yrs.; Gender not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range: 0-18 yrs | 91.7% had high school degree level of education. 60.4% had full-time jobs. 32.3% had an estimated annual income of $35,000 of estimated total annual household income. | Not reported |
| May et al., 2018 [56] | 50 | Range: 18-45 yrs.; Majority Female | Parent/caregiver | Range: 0-8 yrs | 45–80% low income | Not reported |
| Morrison et al., 2014 [57] | 299 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Median: 2 yrs. | Not reported | Non-urgent |
| Mostajer et al., 2016 [58] | 15 |
Not reported; 66% Female |
Parent/caregiver | > 10 yrs | Not reported | Dental |
| Newcomb et al., 2005 [27] | 403 |
Range: 14-19 yrs.;-50-63 yrs. Majority Female |
Parent/caregiver | Range: 4mths-18 yrs | Publicly insured children | Non-urgent |
| Nokoff et al., 2014 [59] | 234 | Mean = 31.5 yrs.; 90% Female | Parent/caregiver | Mean: 5/6 yrs | Not clear | Acute illness |
| Ogilivie et al., 2016 [60] | 337 | Range: 24-45 yrs.; 79.5% Female | Parent/caregiver | < 18 yrs | 4 deprivation deciles, Most deprived (19%) | Not reported |
| Pethe et al., 2019 | 120 | Median = 4.5 yrs.; Gender not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range: 0-19 yrs. | Not reported | Not reported |
| Phelps et al., 2000 [61] | 200 | Mean = 30 yrs.; 82% Female | Parent/caregiver | Mean: 6.2 yrs | 60% unemployed | Not reported |
| Philips et al., 2012 [62] | 166 | Mean = 31 yrs.; 76.5% Female | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Philips et al., 2010 [63] | 166 | Mean = 31 yrs.; 76.5% Female | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Salami et al., 2012 [64] | 53 | Not reported; 78.8% Female | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Mostly Hispanic & African American | Not reported |
| Scott et al., 2003 [65] | 3326 | Mean = 34 yrs., Range: 16-75 yrs.; 87.4% Female | Parent/caregiver | Mean: 6.9 yrs. Range: 0–25 yrs. | 17% University Educated | Not reported |
| Sharma et al., 2014 | 22 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range: 4mths - 12 yrs | Not reported | Not reported |
| Siminski et al., 2008 [66] | not reported | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range: 0-14 yrs | Not reported | Not reported |
| Smith et al., 2015 [67] | 300 | Not reported | 92% parents | Range: 1–13 yrs | Not reported | Not reported |
| Stanley et al., 2007 [68] | 422 | Not reported | 81% mothers, 12% fathers, 7% a grandparent/guardian. | Range: 0-17 yrs | 51% Medicaid enrolees, 43% privately insured | Non-urgent |
| Stingone et al., 2005 [69] | 5250 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Range: 5 -12 yrs. | Not reported | Asthma |
| Stockwell et al., 2011 [70] | 118 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Mean: 6.4 yrs | Most children Latino, had Medicaid, in less than excellent health, had a foreign-born mother with a high school education or less | Influenza-like symptoms |
| Stoddart et al., 2006 [71] | 15 |
Mean: 32.4 yrs. (exc.grandmother); 93% Female |
Parent/caregiver/grandmother | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Turbitt et al., 2016 [72] | 1146 |
Range: 20-40 yrs. Gender not reported |
Parent/caregiver | Range: 1-9 yrs | 13% had estimated annual income of less than $25,000 | Not reported |
| Vaughn et al., 2012 [73] | 57 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Latino population, 61% unemployed | Not reported |
| Williams et al., 2009 [74] | 355 |
< 20 - > 40 years N = 349 Female |
Parent/caregiver | Not reported |
10.7% - Most disadvantaged 18.2% -Disadvantaged 70.1% -Least disadvantaged |
Non-urgent |
| Woolfenden et al., 2000 [75] | 25 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | Not reported | Not reported | Non-urgent |
| Zandieh et al., 2009 [76] | 170 | Not reported | Parent/caregiver | ED Mean: 7 yrs., PCP Mean: 5 yrs | Not reported | Non-urgent |
| Zickafoose et al., 2015 [77] | 820 | Range: 18-60 yrs.; 54% Female | Parent/caregiver | Range: 0-17 yrs | Not reported | Not reported |
| Zickafoose et al., 2013 [78] | 20 |
Age not reported; 75% Female |
Parent/caregiver | Range: 1 - 5 yrs | Not reported | Not reported |