Table 2.
Associations between child maltreatment and midlife HRQoL (N=330).
| Modelsa | Child Maltreatment (CM) | Mental component score (MCS) | Physical component score (PCS) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | β (95% CI)b | Effect Sizec | β (95% CI)b | Effect Sizec | |||
| Model 1 | At least one CM | No | 202 (61) | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 128 (39) | −2.29 (−4.29, −0.28)* | −0.24 | −2.52 (−4.49, −0.56)* | −0.23 | ||
| Model 2 | Emotional Abuse | No | 260 (79) | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 70 (21) | −2.15 (−4.73, 0.44) | −0.23 | −1.22 (−3.63, 1.18) | −0.11 | ||
| Model 3 | Physical Abuse | No | 271 (82) | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 59 (18) | −2.35 (−5.48, 0.77) | −0.25 | −3.75 (−6.89, −0.62)* | −0.35 | ||
| Model 4 | Emotional Neglect | No | 305 (92) | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 25 (8) | −1.12 (−4.74, 2.50) | −0.12 | −6.85 (−11.26, −2.44)* | −0.63 | ||
| Model 5 | Physical Neglect | No | 279 (85) | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 51 (15) | −0.16 (−2.79, 2.46) | −0.02 | −1.66 (−4.16, 0.84) | −0.15 | ||
| Model 6 | Sexual Abuse | No | 280 (85) | reference | reference | ||
| Yes | 50 (15) | −4.14 (−7.27, −1.00)* | −0.44 | −2.09 (−5.32, 1.15) | −0.19 | ||
| Model 7 | Total number of CM | None | 202 (61) | reference | reference | ||
| 1 | 63 (19) | −1.03 (−3.33, 1.26) | −0.11 | −1.60 (−4.11, 0.90) | −0.15 | ||
| 2+ | 65 (20) | −3.59 (−6.42, −0.76)* | −0.38 | −3.48 (−6.12, −0.84)* | −0.32 | ||
| Model 8 | CM subgroups (mutually exclusive) | None | 202 (61) | reference | reference | ||
| Emotional and/or physical abuse | 38 (12) | −0.29 (−3.13, 2.54) | −0.03 | −1.25 (−4.34, 1.84) | −0.12 | ||
| Emotional and/or physical neglect | 15 (5) | −1.21 (−5.14, 2.72) | −0.13 | −3.68 (−7.63, 0.27) | −0.34 | ||
| Sexual abuse only | 16 (5) | −2.40 (−6.04, 1.24) | −0.25 | −1.54 (−6.73, 3.66) | −0.14 | ||
| Abuse and neglect | 25 (8) | −1.78 (−5.06, 1.50) | −0.19 | −3.12 (−6.18, −0.06)* | −0.29 | ||
| Sexual abuse along with other CM types | 34 (10) | −5.50 (−9.78, −1.22)* | −0.58 | −3.49 (−7.67, 0.68) | −0.32 | ||
a
Generalized linear regression was used to estimate the association between CM and HRQoL adjusted for age, race, and childhood socioeconomic circumstances.
b
If a 95% confidence interval does not include 0, then there is a statistically significant difference between the groups. (*p<0.05)
c
Effect sizes are calculated as group differences in HRQoL scores divided by normative SD. We used the reference normative SD=9.47 for MCS and normative SD=10.82 for PCS based on the normative U.S. population in women ages 45–54 years old (23). |Effect size|: <0.2 small not clinically meaningful, 0.2–0.5 moderate and potentially meaningful, >0.5 large and clinically meaningful.