Table 1.

Contrast estimates based on marginal means for the adaptation phase treatment effects with the standard errors estimated from the statistical models.

Type of effect (session)	Outcome measure	TX ± S.E.	[95% CI]	t[df] or z	p
Learning effect (4)	Immediate	− 0.029 ± 0.022	[− 0.073, 0.015]	− 1.353[52.1]	0.182
	Early	− 0.020 ± 0.018	[− 0.056, 0.016]	− 1.050[51.5]	0.299
	Late	− 0.015 ± 0.014	[− 0.043, 0.013]	− 1.081[49.1]	0.285
	STS (ratio)	1.592 ± 0.569	[0.789, 3.210]	1.299	0.194
Cumulative effect (1,3)	Immediate	− 0.039 ± 0.015	[− 0.069, − 0.01]	− 2.586[96.4]	0.011*
	Early	− 0.012 ± 0.013	[− 0.038, 0.014]	− 0.908[91.8]	0.366
	Late	0.015 ± 0.009	[− 0.003, 0.033]	1.729[96.4]	0.087
	STS (ratio)	0.830 ± 0.417	[0.310, 2.220]	− 0.371	0.711
Consecutive-session effect (1,2)	Immediate	− 0.039 ± 0.015	[− 0.069, − 0.01]	− 2.604[96.4]	0.011*
	Early	− 0.012 ± 0.013	[− 0.038, 0.014]	− 0.887[91.8]	0.377
	Late	0.010 ± 0.009	[− 0.008, 0.028]	1.126[96.4]	0.263
	STS (ratio)	0.854 ± 0.428	[0.320, 2.280]	− 0.316	0.752
Consecutive-session effect (2,3)	Immediate	0.0002 ± 0.015	[− 0.030, 0.030]	0.017[96.4]	0.986
	Early	− 0.0003 ± 0.0135	[− 0.027, 0.027]	− 0.019[91.7]	0.985
	Late	0.005 ± 0.009	[− 0.013, 0.023]	0.603[96.4]	0.548
	STS (ratio)	0.972 ± 0.489	[0.363, 2.610]	− 0.056	0.956
Session-specific effect (1)	Immediate	0.013 ± 0.022	[− 0.031, 0.057]	0.581[52.1]	0.564
	Early	− 0.015 ± 0.018	[− 0.051, 0.021]	− 0.821[50.3]	0.415
	Late	− 0.023 ± 0.014	[− 0.051, 0.005]	− 1.694[49.1]	0.097
	STS (ratio)	1.204 ± 0.428	[0.600, 2.420]	0.522	0.602
Session-specific effect (2)	Immediate	− 0.027 ± 0.022	[− 0.071, 0.017]	− 1.231[52.1]	0.224
	Early	− 0.027 ± 0.018	[− 0.063, 0.009]	− 1.457[52.7]	0.151
	Late	− 0.013 ± 0.014	[− 0.041, 0.015]	− 0.968[49.1]	0.338
	STS (ratio)	1.028 ± 0.366	[0.511, 2.070]	0.076	0.939
Session-specific effect (3)	Immediate	− 0.026 ± 0.022	[− 0.070, 0.018]	− 1.219[52.1]	0.228
	Early	− 0.027 ± 0.018	[− 0.063, 0.009]	− 1.472[52.5]	0.147
	Late	− 0.008 ± 0.014	[− 0.036, 0.020]	− 0.579[49.1]	0.565
	STS (ratio)	0.999 ± 0.354	[0.499, 2.000]	− 0.003	0.998

STS strides to steady-state, TX treatment effect (in actual units i.e. step length symmetry for immediate, early, and late outcome measures; in ratio for strides to steady-state performance; for example, a ratio effect size of 1.592 means that the experimental group has a 59 percent higher mean value compared to the control group for strides to state-state performance).

S.E. standard error, CI confidence interval, t t-statistics, df degrees of freedom, z z-statistics, p p value, * p < 0.05