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. 2020 Jul 16;10:11781. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68631-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematically shown experimental OCE procedures for obtaining synthesized stiffness maps ensuring standardized pressure exerted on structurally/geometrically inhomogeneous breast tissue. (a) A series of initially calculated maps of cumulative strains that are essentially inhomogeneous within the reference silicone layer. (b) Reassembled (synthesized) maps of cumulative strains corresponding to the three pre-selected levels of pressure (3, 4 and 5 kPa) in the reference silicone layer. (c) Representative nonlinear stress–strain curves obtained for two regions essentially differering in stiffness (normal and tumorous region). The curves demonstrate that the local slope of the stress–strain curves (i.e. the Young’s modulus) may change several times even for apparently moderate strain ~ several percents. (d) Typical initial structural OCT scan. (e) Synthesized Young’s-modulus map corresponding to the standardized stress of 4 kPa in the reference silicone across the entire scan. (f) Histological section corresponding to the same position.