Figure 12.

The hypotonic solutions inhibited the bubbling on the U87MG cells after the direct CAP treatment without the coverage of medium. 6 mL cell solution was cultured in a 60 mm dish with a density of 7.5 × 10⁴ cells/mL for 1 day before the treatment. In each case, the CAP treatment lasted 2 min. After that, the cells were immediately (< 30 s) immersed in 6 mL of DMEM/Milli-Q water mixed solutions. The volume ratio % (v/v) of DMEM in the solutions varied from 100 to 0%. The 0% (v/v) DMEM was 100% (v/v) Milli-Q water, a deionized water. ‘ + x min’ means the photo was taken at x min after the CAP treatment. The scale bar was 50 μm (black). In each row, the photos were taken in situ. All photos were taken by using a Nikon TS100 inverted phase-contrast microscope.