Table 1.
Effects of oral probiotic intake on salivary immunoglobulins.
| Author (yaer) | Subjects and gender | Age range/ And mean (year) | Design | Intervention type | Bacteria type | Duration (wk/d) | Outcomes | Outcome assessment method | outcome | Any other intervention (from) | Notes about subjects | Adjustment or matching | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (name and composition) | Control (name and composition) | Intervention mean ± SD and number | Control mean ± SD and number | |||||||||||
| Harbige et al. (2016) | F: 10 M: 8 Both: 18 Probiotic: 14 Placebo: 4 | 18–49 | CT (clinical trial) | Daily drink with breakfast: two 65mlbottles equivalent intake of 1.3 × 1010 live Lactobacillus caseiShirota (LcS). | No treatment | Lactobacillus caseiShirota (LcS) | 4 week intervention, 6 week break, followed by 4 week intervention | Salivary IgA1, Salivary IgA2, Salivary INF-γ (For 10 probiotic subjects) | Salivary INF-γ: ELISA Salivary IgA1, 2: radial immunodiffusion assay | SIgA1(mg/mL): Before:0.04 ± 0.13 Week 4:0.04 ± 0.16 Week 10: 0.04 ± 0.15 Week 14: 0.05 ± 0.17 N = 10 SIgA2(mg/mL): Before:0.0 3 ± 0.09 Week 4:0.03 ± 0.11 Week 10: 0.03 ± 0.12 Week 14: 0.03 ± 0.13 N = 10 SINF- γ(mg/mL):NR | No | No | Salivary samples just obtained from 10 probiotic subjects. Subjects were healthy volunteers | No |
| Childs et al. (2014) | F: 22 M: 22 Probiotic:42 Placebo: 41 | 25–65 43 ± 12 | Cross-over | The volunteer were given 2 sachets of daily supplements which powders dissolved in water, milk or fruit juice: Prebiotic (xylo-oligosaccharide, XOS, 8 g/d), Probiotic (Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis Bi-07, 109 colony-forming units (CFU)/d), Synbiotic (8 g XOS + 109 CFU Bi-07/d) | The volunteer were given 2 sachets of daily placebo which powders dissolved in water, milk or fruit juice: Placebo. maltodextrin (MDX; Syral) | Bifidobacterium animals subsp. Lactis Bi-07, 109 CFU | 21 days | Salivary IgA | enzyme-based colorimetry | SIgA(mg/mL): Change: −0.18 ± 0.50 N = 42 | SIgA(mg/mL): Change: 0.06 ± 1.92 N = 41 | No | BMI for all subjects: were 25 ± 5 kg/m2. Subjects were healthy volunteers Symbiotic: 41 Prebiotic: 42 | Sex, age, BMI |
| Rizzardini et al. (2012) | F: 118 M: 93 BB-12 cap: 53 (25/28) Placebo cap: 48 (27/21) L. casei 431: 56 (31/25) placebo drink: 54 (35/19) | 20–60 | Parallel | Intervention groups consumed a minimum of 109 colony-forming units of BB-12 (capsule) or L. casei 431 (dairy drink) once daily (110 ml). | Placebo groups consumed matched placebo capsule or placebo drink once daily (110 ml). | Bifidobacteriumanimalis ssp. lactis (BB-12) capsule and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei (L. casei 431) drink | 6 weeks | Salivary IgA, IgG, IgM | salivary IgA were analysed using Human Secretory IgA SIgA ELISA Kit, total salivary IgGand IgM were analysed using the Quantitative Human IgG/IgM ELISA Kit | BB-12: Change, SIgA (mg/mL): Change: 57.88 ± 612.98 N = 53 Change, SIgG (U /mL): Change: 2.74 ± 153.02 N = 53 Change, SIgM (U/mL): Change: 1.38 ± 220.66 N = 53 L. casei 431: Change, SIgA(U/mL): Change: 59.33 ± 594.73 N = 56 Change, SIgG (U/mL): Change: −4.61 ± 176.15 N = 56 Change, SIgM (U/mL): Change: 4.29 ± 203.53 N = 56 | BB-12: Change, SIgA (U/mL): Change: 49.1 ± 446.36N = 48 Change, SIgG (U/mL): Change: -5.23 ± 173.94 N = 48 Change, SIgM(U/mL): Change: 6.77 ± 240.12 N = 48 L. casei 431: Change, SIgA (U/mL): Change: 51.26 ± 525.08 N = 54 Change, SIgG (U/mL): Change: -1.90 ± 133.99 N = 54 Change, SIgM (U/mL): Change: 0.88 ± 204.55 N = 54 | 2 weeks after intervention, a seasonal influenza vaccination was given to all subjects. | BMI for subjects: BB-12 cap: 22.8 ± 4.1 Placebo cap: 22.4 ± 3.8 L. casei 431: 24.6 ± 4.3 placebo drink: 22.8 ± 3.6 Subjects were healthy volunteers | No |
| Cox et al. (2008) | F: 0 M: 20 Both: 20 | 27.3 | Cross-over | Intervention group was given 3hard gelatin capsules twice daily with food (L fermentum VRI-003 (PCC), contained a minimum of two billion of Lactobacillus fermentum strain VRI-003) | Placebo group was given identical 3 placebo capsules twice daily with food. | Lactobacillus fermentum strain VRI-003 | 1 month (28 days) intervention 4 months (14 week) | Salivary IgA, IgA1 and albumin | SIgA and SIgA1: ELISA assay | SIgA (mg/mL): Before:56.0 ± 35.4%Change:29.0 ± 80.7 N = 20 SIgA1 (mg/mL): Before:94.5 ± 63.4%Change:21.3 ± 67.0 N = 20 | SIgA (mg/mL): Before:69.2 ± 44.7%Change:27.5 ± 58.9 N = 20 SIgA1 (mg/mL): Before:92.7 ± 34.4%Change: 23.6 ± 64.6 N = 20 | No | Subjects were healthy volunteers | No |
| Kekkonen et al. (2008) | F: 45 M: 17 Both: 62 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: 13 Bifidobacteriumanimalis ssp. LactisBb12: 16 Propioni-bacterium freudenreichii ssp. Shermanii JS: 17 Placebo: 16 | 44 23–58 | Parallel | The subjects were advised to consume a 250 mL milk-based fruit drink daily for 3 wk containing either: L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) (LGG) bacteria, on average 6.2 × 107 cfu/mL (daily dose of 1.6 × 1010 cfu); B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 (Bb12) bacteria, 1.4 × 108 cfu/mL (daily dose of 3.5 × 1010cfu); P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS (DSM 7067) (PJS) bacteria, 1.3 × 108 cfu/mL (daily dose of 3.3 × 1010 cfu) | Control group received a placebo drink without any probiotic bacteria. | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 (Bb12), or Propionibacteriumfreudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS (PJS) | 3 weeks | Salivary IgA | ELISA assay | LGG: SIgA(mg/mL): Before:270 ± 210 After: same before N = 13 BB-12: SIgA (mg/mL): Before:400 ± 450 After: same before N = 16 PJS: SIgA (mg/mL): Before:280 ± 240 After: same before N = 17 | Placebo:SIgA (mg/mL):Before:230 ± 140 After: same before N = 16 | No | BMI for subjects: 2418–30 Subjects were healthy volunteers | No |