In vitro studies |
Vincet [59]
|
CQ |
Vero E6 cell model |
SARS-CoV |
Viral inhibition |
Wang [60]
|
CQ |
Vero E6 cell model |
SARS-CoV-2 |
Viral inhibition at entry and post-entry infection |
Liu [61]
|
CQ, HCQ |
Vero E6 cell model |
SARS-CoV-2 |
Viral inhibition, CQ more potent than HCQ |
Yao [62]
|
CQ, HCQ |
Vero E6 cell model |
SARS-CoV-2 |
Viral inhibition, HCQ more potent than CQ, HCQ dose estimation done |
Therapeutic clinical trials |
Gao [63]
|
CQ, HCQ |
100 patients |
Observational with historical controls |
Inhibits pneumonia progression, improves lung function, shortens disease course |
Gautret [23]
|
HCQ ± AZT |
42 patients |
Observational with historical controls |
Hastens viral clearance at day 6 (70% vs 12.5%), AZT enhances viral clearance |
Gautret [65]
|
HCQ ± AZT |
80 patients |
Observational |
Viral clearance at day 7- 83%, hospital stay- 4.6 days |
CHEN [66]
|
HCQ |
30 patients |
Small randomized study |
No effect on viral clearance at day 7 (86.7% vs 93.3%) |
Chen [67]
|
HCQ |
62 patients |
Randomized |
Significant effect on time to clinical recovery, body temperature recovery time, and the cough remission time |
Magagnoli [68]
|
HCQ, HCQ + AZT |
368 patients |
Retrospective |
Mortality HCQ 27%, HCQ + AZT 22.1%, controls 11.4%. Need for ventilation: no difference in three groups |
Borba [69]
|
HCQ |
400 patients (interim analysis 80 patients) |
Parallel double blind with two dosage regimens planned and terminated after interim analysis |
Mortality higher (17%) with higher HCQ dosage regimen |
Recovery trial [72]
|
HCQ |
4674 patients (interim analysis) |
Large randomized controlled |
28 mortality 25.7% vs 23.5%, no effect on hospital stay |
Tang [72]
|
HCQ |
150 patients |
Randomized |
Viral clearance day 28 (85.4% vs 81.3%) |
Molina [70]
|
HCQ + AZT |
11 patients |
Observational |
Viral clearance at day 6: 20% |
Mahevas [71]
|
HCQ |
181 patients |
Observational with historical controls |
Transfer to ICU within 7 days: 20.2% vs 22.1%, death 2.8% vs 4.8% |
Prophylactic clinical trials |
Boulware [58]
|
HCQ |
821 asymptomatic with high-risk exposure |
Large randomized double-blind study |
Post-exposure incidence 11.8% vs 14.3% |
Chatterjee [57]
|
HCQ (four doses) |
Healthcare workers |
Case control study |
Significant decline in chances of getting infected (AOR 0.44; 95% CI 0.22–0.88) |
CQ, chloroquine; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; AZT, azithromycin |