Table 3.
In vitro studies and clinical trials of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
| Author [reference] | Drug | Study group | Design/experiments | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro studies | ||||
| Vincet [59] | CQ | Vero E6 cell model | SARS-CoV | Viral inhibition |
| Wang [60] | CQ | Vero E6 cell model | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral inhibition at entry and post-entry infection |
| Liu [61] | CQ, HCQ | Vero E6 cell model | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral inhibition, CQ more potent than HCQ |
| Yao [62] | CQ, HCQ | Vero E6 cell model | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral inhibition, HCQ more potent than CQ, HCQ dose estimation done |
| Therapeutic clinical trials | ||||
| Gao [63] | CQ, HCQ | 100 patients | Observational with historical controls | Inhibits pneumonia progression, improves lung function, shortens disease course |
| Gautret [23] | HCQ ± AZT | 42 patients | Observational with historical controls | Hastens viral clearance at day 6 (70% vs 12.5%), AZT enhances viral clearance |
| Gautret [65] | HCQ ± AZT | 80 patients | Observational | Viral clearance at day 7- 83%, hospital stay- 4.6 days |
| CHEN [66] | HCQ | 30 patients | Small randomized study | No effect on viral clearance at day 7 (86.7% vs 93.3%) |
| Chen [67] | HCQ | 62 patients | Randomized | Significant effect on time to clinical recovery, body temperature recovery time, and the cough remission time |
| Magagnoli [68] | HCQ, HCQ + AZT | 368 patients | Retrospective | Mortality HCQ 27%, HCQ + AZT 22.1%, controls 11.4%. Need for ventilation: no difference in three groups |
| Borba [69] | HCQ | 400 patients (interim analysis 80 patients) | Parallel double blind with two dosage regimens planned and terminated after interim analysis | Mortality higher (17%) with higher HCQ dosage regimen |
| Recovery trial [72] | HCQ | 4674 patients (interim analysis) | Large randomized controlled | 28 mortality 25.7% vs 23.5%, no effect on hospital stay |
| Tang [72] | HCQ | 150 patients | Randomized | Viral clearance day 28 (85.4% vs 81.3%) |
| Molina [70] | HCQ + AZT | 11 patients | Observational | Viral clearance at day 6: 20% |
| Mahevas [71] | HCQ | 181 patients | Observational with historical controls | Transfer to ICU within 7 days: 20.2% vs 22.1%, death 2.8% vs 4.8% |
| Prophylactic clinical trials | ||||
| Boulware [58] | HCQ | 821 asymptomatic with high-risk exposure | Large randomized double-blind study | Post-exposure incidence 11.8% vs 14.3% |
| Chatterjee [57] | HCQ (four doses) | Healthcare workers | Case control study | Significant decline in chances of getting infected (AOR 0.44; 95% CI 0.22–0.88) |
| CQ, chloroquine; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; AZT, azithromycin | ||||