| Perceptions |
++Knowledge about 80% exposure with little or no illness ==Pandemic affected all countries, rich and poor –Awareness did not translate into action for prevention, therefore the need to modify messages
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++Knowledge of virulence of the disease ==Pandemic affected mostly West and Central Africans –Awareness did not translate into behavior change, therefore messages had to be modified to fit cultural context
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++Knowledge of behaviors that lead to vulnerability ==Different contexts and factors of vulnerabilities –Awareness did not translate into behavior change
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| Enablers |
++Availability and use of protective personal equipment, such as masks and gloves ==Traditions like burial were partly affected –Health care providers do not have all the support they need to care for those infected
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++Availability and use of protective personal equipment, such as masks and gloves ==Traditions like burial were fully and directly affected –Health care providers do not have all the support they need to care for those infected
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++Availability of male and female condoms and needle exchange programs ==Traditions like marriages were directly affected –Health care providers do not have all the support they need to care for those infected
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| Nurturers |
++Family members caring for loved ones even when there is risk ==Cultural identity–based messaging about community inequities as response to COVID-19 and noncommunicable diseases –Family members losing their jobs and not being able to provide basic needs for loved ones
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++Family members caring for loved ones even when there is risk ==Culture-based solution such as traditional leaders (eg, chiefs overseeing burial rites) –Family members losing their jobs and not being able to provide basic needs for loved ones
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++Family members caring for loved ones even when there is risk ==Culture-based messages such as monogamy for individualists and “zero grazing” for collectivist contexts –Job discrimination against those infected
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