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. 2020 Jul 16;10:11856. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68844-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Clinical parameters indicative of vascular leak occur in dengue patients and are correlated with elevated chymase. The maximum (a) venous and (b) capillary hematocrit values that were recorded any time over a patient’s hospitalization and association with the study were higher in DHF patients compared to DF patients. (c) Compared to DF patients, DHF patients also had lower minimum platelet counts and (d) lower minimum pulse pressure recorded. (e) Elevated chymase is significantly associated with severely narrowed pulse pressure (< 20 mmHg). For (a–e) Student’s unpaired T test was used to compare DF versus DHF groups. (f) Serum chymase levels were significantly higher for patients with certain categories of warning signs (displayed at any time during involvement with the study) compared to patients in the DF no-WS group, as determined by 1-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s post-test. For abdominal WS n = 24; vomiting n = 8; fluid accumulation n = 22; mucosal bleeding n = 3; lethargy n = 9; liver enlargement n = 22; hematologic WS n = 22; and severe leak n = 8. For all panels, error bars represent the SEM and * indicates p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001.