Table 1.

Modeling cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in culture. Summary of current in vitro models of CVD that include the modeled in vitro condition, blood brain barrier (BBB) pathology and utilized in vitro BBB model

CVD	In vitro model condition	BBB pathology	Utilized in vitro BBB model	Refs.
Stroke
Ischemic	OGD (1–5 h) OGD + Reperfusion (reoxygenation + normal glucose level) (1–5 h + 1–96 h) Chemical ischemia (rotenone, antimycin and sodium azide) Enzymatic (GOX, GOX/CAT and 2-deoxyglucose)	Hyperpermeability Cytotoxicity Inflammation BBB recovery Angiogenesis	BEC monolayer 2-D model DIV-BBB 3-D model	[78, 127, 148, 160, 162, 165] [164, 166, 167, 182] [126] [135] [156–158]
Hemorrhagic	hemin/hemoglobin +/OGD thrombin ± OGD	Hyperpermeability Cytotoxicity Inflammation	BEC monolayer 2-D model	[187, 189, 207–211] [186]
Vascular dementia
CADASIL	Replicative senescence H2O2 (50 μM) modification of telomerase DNA damage NOTCH3 mutation	Senescence Hyperpermeability Inflammation	BEC monolayer hiPSC	[194, 201, 202] [206]
Vascular malformation
CCM 1-3	Gene silencing	Hyperpermeability signaling	BEC monolayer	[59, 95]

BEC brain endothelial cell, CAT catalase, CCM cerebral cavernous malformation, GOX glucose oxidase, hiPSC human induced pluripotent stem cell, OGD oxygen glucose deprivation