Fig 2. Incident OUD identified by elastic net’s decile risk subgroup in the validation sample (n = 120,497)^a.

Abbreviation: OUD: opioid use disorder. ^a: Based on the individual’s predicted probability of an OUD event, we classified beneficiaries in the validation sample into decile risk subgroups, with the highest decile further split into 3 additional strata based on the top 1, 2nd to 5th, and 6th to 10th percentiles to allow closer examination of patients at highest risk of developing OUD.