Table 1.

COVID-19 outcomes according to pre-existing diabetes

	Article type	Study population	Prevalence of diabetes	Outcome	Risk
Zhang et al3	Retrospective	258	24%	Mortality	3·64 (1·08–12·21)*
Kumar et al4	Meta-analysis	16 003	9·8%	Severe disease	2·75 (2·09–3·62)*
Kumar et al4	Meta-analysis	16 003	9·8%	Mortality	1·90 (1·37–2·64)*
Guan et al10	Retrospective	1590	NA	Composite†	1·59 (1·03–2·45)‡
Li et al11	Meta-analysis	1525	9·7%	ICU admission§	2·21 (0·88–5·57)¶
Fadini et al12	Meta-analysis	1687	NA	Severe disease	2·26 (0·98–4·82)‖
Fadini et al12	Meta-analysis	355	35·5%	Mortality	1·75‖
Petrilli et al13	Retrospective	5279	22·6%	Hospital admission	2·24 (1·84–2·73)*
Roncon et al14	Meta-analysis	1382	NA	ICU admission	2·79 (1·85–4·22)*
Roncon et al14	Meta-analysis	471	NA	Mortality	3·21 (1·82–5·64)*
Zhou et al15	Retrospective	191	19%	Mortality	2·85 (1·35–6·05)*
Zhu et al16	Retrospective	7337	13%	Mortality	1·49 (1·13–1·96)‡
Yan et al17	Retrospective	193	25%	Mortality	1·53 (1·02–2·3)‡
Sardu et al18	Retrospective	59	44%	Survival	0·172 (0·051–0·576)‡
Yang et al19	Meta-analysis	4648	NA	Severe disease	2·07 (0·88–4·82)*
Barron et al20	Cohort study	61 414 470	0·4% type 1 diabetes	Mortality	3·50 (3·15–3·89)*
Barron et al20	Cohort study	61 414 470	4·7% type 2 diabetes	Mortality	2·03 (1·97–2·09)*

ICU=intensive care unit. NA=not given.

^*Odds ratio (95% CI).

^†ICU admission, or invasive ventilation, or death.

^‡Hazard ratio (95% CI).

^§Calculated for 1056 patients (in three of six studies).

^¶Risk ratio (95% CI).

^‖Rate ratio (95% CI not given).