Table 2.
Benefits and risks of sustaining routine childhood immunisation at the national level
| Deaths averted by vaccination (95% UI) | Excess COVID-19 deaths (95% UI) | Benefit–risk ratio (95% UI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 18 164 (11 750–28 146) | 268 (29–794) | 69 (10–234) |
| Angola | 26 156 (18 377–36 792) | 146 (24–434) | 180 (28–598) |
| Benin | 7285 (4817–11 246) | 78 (8–228) | 95 (14–311) |
| Botswana | 989 (646–1511) | 15 (2–43) | 70 (11–233) |
| Burkina Faso | 14 103 (9626–20 955) | 180 (20–534) | 80 (13–259) |
| Burundi | 8640 (5946–12 784) | 79 (13–238) | 110 (19–367) |
| Cameroon | 13 031 (8735–19 862) | 176 (20–519) | 75 (11–249) |
| Cape Verde | 148 (85–251) | 3 (0–9) | 52 (6–176) |
| Central African Republic | 2353 (1585–3513) | 20 (3–60) | 119 (21–392) |
| Chad | 9016 (5998–13 984) | 98 (10–288) | 94 (11–310) |
| Comoros | 420 (267–661) | 7 (1–22) | 58 (7–197) |
| Congo (Brazzaville) | 3370 (2366–4919) | 21 (3–63) | 160 (19–515) |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 19 401 (12 712–28 863) | 194 (20–571) | 102 (16–339) |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 61 538 (41 399–92 956) | 563 (88–1674) | 111 (18–371) |
| Djibouti | 273 (173–435) | 5 (1–14) | 58 (8–203) |
| Egypt | 24 593 (11 655–48 336) | 412 (54–1221) | 60 (6–216) |
| Equatorial Guinea | 360 (231–564) | 4 (0–13) | 83 (12–273) |
| Eritrea | 2103 (1380–3152) | 29 (4–88) | 74 (9–245) |
| eSwatini | 346 (180–603) | 9 (1–28) | 38 (4–136) |
| Ethiopia | 60 854 (38 286–95 401) | 866 (100–2558) | 73 (10–243) |
| Gabon | 866 (554–1360) | 8 (1–25) | 105 (17–358) |
| Gambia | 2208 (1560–3107) | 39 (6–117) | 58 (10–189) |
| Ghana | 18 589 (12 358–26 534) | 219 (32–658) | 86 (14–281) |
| Guinea | 9307 (6339–13 372) | 121 (17–362) | 78 (11–255) |
| Guinea-Bissau | 1355 (960–1912) | 12 (1–36) | 113 (18–379) |
| Kenya | 20 030 (12 691–31 736) | 241 (38–720) | 86 (13–292) |
| Lesotho | 829 (536–1263) | 15 (2–43) | 57 (8–195) |
| Liberia | 3965 (2913–5689) | 34 (4–101) | 118 (17–381) |
| Libya | 2323 (1517–3463) | 34 (5–103) | 70 (11–230) |
| Madagascar | 14 293 (9228–22 263) | 136 (21–405) | 107 (16–359) |
| Malawi | 8923 (5398–14 737) | 131 (20–393) | 69 (10–232) |
| Mali | 13 302 (9259–18 971) | 144 (17–426) | 94 (14–308) |
| Mauritania | 2720 (1905–4119) | 30 (3–90) | 91 (13–310) |
| Mauritius | 260 (177–391) | 4 (1–11) | 71 (11–230) |
| Morocco | 7273 (3698–13 837) | 221 (26–657) | 34 (4–124) |
| Mozambique | 20 206 (13 487–30 366) | 208 (33–624) | 98 (14–317) |
| Namibia | 1179 (768–1812) | 19 (2–56) | 63 (9–214) |
| Niger | 21 835 (15 854–30 867) | 262 (30–776) | 85 (13–278) |
| Nigeria | 89 167 (61 172–133 594) | 942 (98–2773) | 96 (16–316) |
| Rwanda | 8061 (5274–12 053) | 87 (14–260) | 94 (15–318) |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 120 (72–186) | 1 (0–4) | 91 (12–296) |
| Senegal | 11 306 (7856–15 866) | 250 (37–758) | 46 (6–154) |
| Seychelles | 34 (23–50) | 0 (0–1) | 74 (10–245) |
| Sierra Leone | 6891 (5096–9376) | 86 (11–256) | 81 (12–266) |
| Somalia | 9697 (6695–14 275) | 102 (11–300) | 96 (16–319) |
| South Africa | 18 844 (12 575–28 607) | 310 (36–920) | 62 (10–209) |
| South Sudan | 3176 (1716–5251) | 34 (5–102) | 93 (11–322) |
| Sudan | 22 338 (13 975–34 110) | 334 (49–1003) | 68 (10–231) |
| Tanzania | 36 630 (23 570–56 036) | 584 (87–1757) | 64 (8–209) |
| Togo | 4933 (3206–7819) | 56 (6–164) | 90 (13–307) |
| Tunisia | 1854 (723–3626) | 54 (8–163) | 35 (3–128) |
| Uganda | 20 906 (12 346–34 358) | 246 (39–734) | 87 (12–299) |
| Zambia | 11 042 (7453–16 810) | 121 (19–361) | 93 (13–312) |
| Zimbabwe | 7759 (5269–11 124) | 94 (14–284) | 83 (12–278) |
The benefit–risk ratio estimates (median estimates and 95% UIs) show the child deaths averted by sustaining routine childhood immunisation in the African countries per COVID-19 death attributable to excess severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections acquired through visiting routine vaccination service delivery points. The combined impact of routine childhood immunisation is shown, including all vaccinations in EPI-1, EPI-2, and EPI-3. EPI=Expanded Programme on Immunization. UI=uncertainty interval.