Table 1.
Summary of Characteristics of Included Studies
| Study | Country | Influenza Season (Study Period) | Respiratory Specimen (Diagnostic Test) | No. of Participants | Circulating Influenza Type(s) | Dominant Influenza Type | VE Outcomes Assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kissling et al. (2011) [11] | Europe | 2010/2011 | Nasal or throat swab (PCR & culture) | 3254 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 Influenza B |
| Jimenez-Jorge et al. (2012) [12] | Spain | 2010/2011 | Not reported (PCR) | 1369 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 Influenza B |
| Fielding et al. (2012) [13] | Australia | 2011 | Nose and/or throat swab (PCR) | 529 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 first half, H3N2 mid to later season, influenza B throughout | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Treanor et al. (2012) [14] | USA | 2010/2011 | Nasal and throat swabs (children aged <2 years provided nasal swabs only; PCR) | 4757 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza A Influenza B |
| Skowronski et al. (2012) [15] | Canada | 2010/2011 | Nasal/nasopharyngeal specimen (PCR) | 1718 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza A Influenza B |
| Pitigoi et al. (2012) [16] | Romania | 2010/2011 | Not reported (PCR) | 255 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 and influenza B | All influenza H1N1 Influenza B |
| Castilla et al. (2013) [17] | Spain | 2011/2012 | Nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal swabs (PCR) | 588 | H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza |
| Kelly et al. (2013) [18] | Australia | 2010 & 2011 | Combined nose and throat swab specimens (nose swab specimens were only obtained from children aged <2 years; PCR) | 309 (2010) 398 (2011) | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | 2010 H1N1, 2011 H3N2 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Sullivan et al. (2013) [19] | Australia | 2010, 2011, & 2012 | Not reported (PCR) | 420 (2010) 630 (2011) 678 (2012) | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | 2010 H1N1, 2011 influenza B, 2012 H3N2 | All influenza |
| Martínez-Baz et al. (2013) [20] | Spain | 2010/2011 | Nasopharyngeal swabbing (PCR) | 530 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza |
| Kissling et al. (2013) [21] | Europe | 2011/2012 | Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR & culture) | 4362 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | H3N2 |
| Jimenez-Jorge et al. (2013) [22] | Spain | 2011/2012 | Not reported (PCR & culture) | 378 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H3N2 |
| Pebody et al. (2013) [23] | UK | 2011/2012 | Respiratory samples (PCR) | 3560 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | H3N2 |
| Bateman et al. (2013) [24] | USA | 2010/2011 | Nasal and oropharyngeal swab (PCR) | 1549 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | H1N1 H3N2 Influenza A |
| Englund et al. (2013) [25] | Germany | 2010/2011 | Nasal or pharyngeal swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates (PCR) | 1866 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 Influenza B |
| Lo et al. (2013) [26] | Taiwan | 2011/2012 | Throat or nasal swabs (PCR & culture) | 918 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza B | All influenza Influenza A Influenza B |
| Pebody et al. (2013) [27] | UK | 2010/2011 | Mouth swab (PCR) | 7121 | H1N1, influenza B | HINI | H1N1 Influenza B |
| Sullivan et al. (2014) [28] | Australia | 2012 | Nasal and throat samples (PCR) | 600 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H3N2 |
| Levy et al. (2014) [29] | Australia | 2010 to 2012 | Two nose swabs and 1 throat swab (PCR) | 448 (2010) 351 (2011) 1361 (2012) | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 in 2010 and 2011, H3N2 in 2012 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Ohmit et al. (2014) [30] | USA | 2011/2012 | Throat swab and nasal swab (or nasal swab only in patients aged <2 years; PCR) | 4771 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza A Influenza B |
| Kissling et al. (2014) [31] | Europe | 2012/2013 | Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR & culture) | 6609 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza B | H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Suzuki et al. (2014) [32] | Japan | 2011/2012 | Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR) | 309 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza Influenza A |
| Skowronski et al. (2014) [33] | Canada | 2011/2012 | Nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs (PCR) | 1507 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza B | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza A Influenza B |
| Savulescu et al. (2014) [34] | Spain | 2010/2011 | Not reported (PCR & culture) | 5057 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 and influenza B | H1N1 Influenza B |
| Nunes et al. (2014) [35] | Portugal | 2012/2013 | Nasopharyngeal swab or a combined nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab (PCR & culture) | 335 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza |
| Skowronski et al. (2014) [36] | Canada | 2012/2013 | Nasal or nasopharyngeal swabs (PCR) | 1501 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza A Influenza B |
| Yang et al. (2014) [37] | China | 2012/2013 | Pharyngeal swabs (culture) | 1998 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 |
| Andrews et al. (2014) [38] | UK | 2012/2013 | Not reported (PCR) | 3286 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza B | H1N1 H3N2 Influenza A Influenza B |
| McAnerney et al. (2015) [39] | South Africa | 2010 to 2013 | Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR) | 5344 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | 2010 influenza B, 2011 H1N1, 2012 H3N2, 2013 H1N1 | All influenza |
| Pitigoi et al. (2015) [40] | Romania | 2012/2013 | Not reported (PCR) | 197 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza B | All influenza H1N1 |
| Valenciano et al. (2015) [41] | Europe | 2013/2014 | Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR) | 3020 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | H1N1 |
| Helmeke et al. (2015) [42] | Germany | 2012/2013 | Throat or nasopharyngeal swab (PCR) | 834 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza B | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Carville et al. (2015) [43] | Australia | 2013 | Nose or throat swab (PCR) | 262 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza A and B | All influenza H1N1 Influenza B |
| Chen et al. (2015) [44] | USA | 2010/2011 & 2011/2012 | One nasal and 1 throat swab (PCR) | 927 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza |
| McLean et al. (2015) [45] | USA | 2012/2013 | Nasal and throat specimens (for children aged <2 years, only nasal specimens were obtained; PCR) | 6452 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H3N2 |
| Jimenez-Jorge et al. (2015) [46] | Spain | 2010/2011, 2011/2012, & 2012/2013 | Nasal or nasopharyngeal (PCR & culture) | 3180:SISS, 1369:cycEVA (2010/2011) 3484:SISS, 1446:cycEVA (2011/2012) 3357:SISS, 1432:cycEVA (2012/2013) | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | 2010/2011 H1N1, 2011/2012 H3N2, 2012/2013 influenza B | H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Jimenez-Jorge et al. (2015) [47] | Spain | 2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2012/2013, & 2013/2014 | Nasal or nasopharyngeal (PCR & culture) | (cycEVA) | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | 2010/2011 H1N1, 2011/2012 H3N2, 2012/2013 influenza B, 2013/2014 H3N2 and H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Kurecic- Filipovic et al. (2015) [48] | Croatia | 2010/2011 | Not reported (PCR) | 495 | H1N1, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 |
| Martinez- Baz et al. (2015) [49] | Spain | 2012/2013 | Nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal swabs (PCR) | 522 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza B | All influenza Influenza B |
| Skowronski et al. (2015) [50] | Canada | 2013/2014 | Nasal/nasopharyngeal specimens (PCR) | 1700 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 |
| Pebody et al. (2015) [51] | UK | 2014/2015 | Not reported (PCR) | 2931 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H3N2 Influenza A Influenza B |
| Gherasim et al. (2016) [52] | Spain | 2014/2015 | Not reported (PCR) | 5044 | H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | H3N2 Influenza B |
| Fielding et al. (2016) [53] | Australia | 2015 | Nose/throat swabs (PCR) | 2443 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza B | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Pebody et al. (2016) [54] | UK | 2015/2016 | Respiratory samples (PCR) | 3841 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 Influenza B |
| Rizzo et al. (2016) [55] | Italy | 2014/2015 | Nasal or throat swab (PCR) | 1193 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 and H3N2 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Castilla et al. (2016) [56] | Spain | 2014/2015 | Double swabs, nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal (PCR) | 660 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 and influenza B | All influenza H3N2 Influenza B |
| Redlberger- Fritz et al. (2016) [57] | Austria | 2014/2015 | Nasopharyngeal swabs (PCR) | 815 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Thompson et al. (2016) [58] | USA | 2011/2012 & 2012/2013 | Nasal and throat specimens (or nasal specimens only for children aged <2 years; PCR) | 1441 (2011/2012) 1327 (2012/2013) | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 in both seasons | All influenza H3N2 Influenza B |
| Pierse et al. (2016) [59] | New Zealand | 2014 | Nasopharyngeal or throat swab (PCR) | 1154 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza A Influenza B |
| Van Doorn et al. (2017) [60] | The Netherlands | 2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2012/2013, & 2013/2014 | Nose and throat swabs (PCR & culture) | Unclear | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | 2010/2011 H1N1; 2011/2012, 2012/2013, and 2013/2014 H3N2 | All influenza |
| Kelly et al. (2016) [61] | Australia | 2011, 2012, & 2013 | Not reported (PCR) | 642 (2012/2013) 684 (2012) 354 (2013) | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Not reported | All influenza |
| Wang et al. (2016) [62] | China | 2011/2012 | Nasopharyngeal specimen (PCR) | 668 | Not reported | Not reported | All influenza |
| Cowling et al. (2016) [63] | USA | 2010/2011, 2011/2012, & 2012/2013 | Nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal or nasal swab (PCR) | 4208 (2010/2011) 2164 (2011/2012) 4278 (2012/2013) | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B in 2010/2011; H3N2 in 2011/2012; H3N2 and influenza B in 2012/2013 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Skowronski et al. (2016) [64] | Canada | 2014/2015 | Nasal/nasopharyngeal specimens | 1930 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H3N2 Influenza B |
| Zimmerman et al. (2016) [65] | USA | 2014/2015 | Nasal and throat swabs (children aged <2 years provided nasal swabs only; PCR) | 9311 | H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H3N2 |
| Gaglani et al. (2016) [66] | USA | 2013/2014 | Combined nose and throat swab specimens (nose swab specimens were only obtained from children aged <2 years; PCR) | 5637 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | H1N1 |
| Valenciano et al. (2016) [67] | Europe | 2014/2015 | Nasopharyngeal specimens (PCR) | 6524 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| McAnerney et al. (2017) [68] | South Africa | 2015 | Throat and/or nasal swabs (PCR) | 899 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Darvishian et al. (2017) [69] | The Netherlands | 2010/2011, 2011/2012, & 2012/2013 | Throat swab and nose swab (PCR) | Not reported | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N in 2011/2012, influenza B in 2012/2013, H3N2 in 2013/2014, influenza B in 2010/2011 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Ma et al. (2017) [70] | China | 2014/2015 | Oral pharyngeal swab (PCR) | 9297 | H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza H3N2 Influenza B |
| Pebody et al. (2017) [71] | UK | 2016/2017 | Not reported (PCR) | 2881 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | All influenza Influenza A H3N2 Influenza B |
| Skowronski et al. (2017) [72] | Canada | 2015/2016 | Nasal/nasopharyngeal swab (PCR) | 2008 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza Influenza A H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Jackson et al. (2017) [73] | USA | 2015/2016 | Nasal/oropharyngeal swab (PCR) | 6879 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Gherasim et al. (2017) [74] | Spain | 2015/2016 | Not reported (PCR & culture) | 661 | H1N1, influenza B | Influenza B | H1N1 Influenza B |
| Stein et al. (2018) [75] | Israel | 2016/2017 | Nasal and throat swabs (PCR) | 1088 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 | H3N2 |
| Yaron-Yakoby et al. (2018) [76] | Israel | 2014/2015 | Nose and throat swabs (PCR) | 1005 (2014/2015) 1658 (2015/2016) | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H3N2 in 2014/2015, H1N1 & influenza B in 2015/2016 | All influenza & H3N2 in 2014/2015 All influenza, H1N1, & influenza B in 2015/2016 |
| Poehling et al. (2018) [77] | USA | 2015/2016 | Nasal swab (PCR) | 1012 | H1N1, influenza B | H1N1 | All influenza H1N1 Influenza B |
| Valenciano et al. (2018) [78] | Europe | 2011/2012 to 2016/2017 | Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR) | Not clear | H1N1, influenza B (2015/16) H3N2 (2016/17) | H3N2 | H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Hekimoglu et al. (2018) [79] | Turkey | 2014/2015 | Nasal, nasopharyngeal, throat, nasal plus throat, nasopharyngeal plus throat, nasal plus nasopharyngeal (PCR) | 2561 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | Influenza B | All influenza H1N1 H3N2 Influenza B |
| Kissling et al. (2018) [80] | Europe | 2015/2016 | Nasopharyngeal or combined naso- and oropharyngeal specimens (PCR) | 11 430 | H1N1, H3N2, influenza B | H1N1 Influenza B | H1N1 Influenza B |
Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; pdm09, pandemic 2009.