TABLE V.

Companies and start-ups actively working in the area of OOC.

Company (founding year), website	Technology	Product(s)	Structure and characteristics	Applications (examples)	Reference
Hμrel Corp. (2006) www.hurelcorp.com	•Mainly based on multi-well plates for cell co-culture. Microfluidic co-culture devices also studied but not listed as products	8 species and 10 models, e.g., HμRELhuman™ HμRELhumanPool™ HμRELrat™ HμRELratWH™ HμRELprimate™ HμRELminipig™ HμRELdog™ HμRELmouse™ HμRELrabbit™ HμRELcat™	•Multi-well culture plates Human/animal co-culture models •Multi-readout, repeat-dose hepatotoxicity screening	Studying the cellular response, metabolic competency, and pharmacokinetic interactions among multiple tissues and organs Viral chronicity in liver disease models	169 and 170
Mimetas (2013), www.mimetas.com	•Phaseguides™ enable precise, barrier-free definition of culture matrices and cells in 3D, supporting cell–cell interactions	OrganoPlate® PhaseGuide™ OrganoPlate® 2-lane, OrganoPlate® 3-lane, OrganoPlate® Graft, OrganoPlate® Caco-2, OrganoTEER®, OrganoFlow® L	•96-well based microfluidic 3D cell culture plate •Pump-less perfusion microfluidic liquid handling platform	Pancreatic cancer, blood vessel, kidney proximal tube, CNS toxicology, blood–brain barrier, gut, angiogenesis, liver, breast cancer	171–177
TissUse (2010) www.tissuse.com	•Multi-Organ-Chip platform •On-chip micro-pump	HUMIMIC Chip HUMIMIC Starter HUMIMIC AutoLab HUMIMIC AutoPlant	Organ compartments of varying size On-chip pump	Combination of multi-organs, e.g., intestine, liver, kidney, and neuronal tissue Human skin	178–180
Emulate (2013) www.emulatebio.com	Human Emulation System for multi-organ culture Chip-lab equipment interfacing	Organ-Chips Pod™ Portable Module Zoë™ Culture Module Orb™ Hub Module Bio-kit for Kidney, liver and intestine	Stretchable plastic chip with porous membrane Allow organ chips to be transported and placed on standard microscopes for imaging Up to 12 Organ Chip combinations	lung, liver, intestine, and kidney	181–184
AIM Biotech (2012) www.aimbiotech.com	• Microfluidic device for 3D cell culture • Hydrogel injectable • Gas permeable • Multicellular co-culture	Microscope slide format chips	Compatible with all polymerizable gels Enables the control of interstitial flow across the 3D gel region Rapid media exchange through vacuum aspiration	Immunotherapy, neurobiology, and vascular biology	185–186
4DBio (2014) www.4designbiosciences.com	•VMO platform: vascularized chamber network	Vascularized 96-well microfluidic plate	Channels are lined with endothelial cells and act as arteriole and venule, connected by a network of living capillaries within a physiologic extracellular matrix	Tumor, metastasis, and vascular pathology
AxoSim (2014) www.axosim.com	•Nerve-on-a-Chip®	NERVESIM™ BrainSim™	iPSC derived spheroids in a 3D culture environment	Neurotoxicity neurodegenerative diseases
CNBio (2009) www.cn-bio.com	•3D cell culture •Liver-on-a-chip •Barrier models	PhysioMimix: Multi-organ interactions, ADME, and toxicity	Benchtop fluidic control Up to six MPS plates can be run for multiple independent experiments	Toxicology, drug metabolism, and disease modeling
AlveoliX AG (2015), www.alveolix.com	Lung-on-chip model	AXLung-on-Chip System	Ultrathin membrane breathing motion	Toxicity
Hesperos Inc. (2015) www.hesperosinc.com	Multi-organ fluidic chip	Organ models: heart–liver, heart–liver–skeletal muscle–neuron, neuromuscular junction, heart–liver–cancer	Serum-free cell medium Gravity flow system	Customized human-on-a-chip systems
Kirkstall (2006) www.kirkstall.com	Interconnected cell culture flow system	QV500 QV600 QV900	Produced from medical-grade silicone Compatible with commercially available transwells and inserts	Liver, brain, cardio, respiratory, kidney, and gut
Nortisbio (2015) https://www.nortisbio.com	•Perfusion system platform •Perfusion through both tissue lumen	ParVivo™ perfusion system	Plug and play Chips with pre-established tissues	Toxicity and efficacy testing
Synvivo https://www.synvivobio.com/	•3D tissue/organ-on-chip models	SynBBB (blood–brain barrier model) SynTumor (various cancer models) SynRAM (inflammation model for rolling adhesion and migration assays) SynTox (Toxicology)	Air liquid interface (ALI) In vivo-like airway structure Real-time visualization	Toxicity assays Biomarker analysis Therapeutic screening