Table 5:

Adjusted Odds of Depression in South Africa Based on Life-Course Residence

Covariates	OR (95% CI)
Life-Course Residence^a
Rural-Rural-Rural	Ref
Rural-Rural-Urban	0.55 (0.19–1.60)
Rural-Urban-Urban	1.04 (0.29–3.75)
Urban-Rural-Rural	1.62 (0.15–17.50)
Urban-Urban-Rural	0.24 (0.04–1.66)
Urban-Urban-Urban	0.97 (0.61–1.54)
Sex
Male	Ref
Female	0.97 (0.65–1.44)
Age
50–59	Ref
60–69	0.38 (0.24–0.61)^***
70–79	0.24 (0.13–0.46)^***
80+	0.07(0.02–0.30)^***
Marital Status
Never Married	Ref
Married/Cohabiting	1.32 (0.71–2.46)
Separated/Divorced	2.43 (1.06–5.59)^*
Widowed	2.02 (1.01–4.06)^*
Education Level
None	Ref
Some Primary	1.25 (0.72–2.16)
Primary Completed	1.18 (0.67–2.09)
Secondary Completed	1.01 (0.52–1.98)
Post-Secondary Completed	0.79 (0.23–2.69)
Ethnicity ^a
African/Black	Ref
White	1.47 (0.62–3.44)
Coloured	1.17 (0.75–1.82)
Indian/Asian	1.38 (0.74–2.59)
Ever Moved	1.30 (0.83–2.01)
Employment Status
Currently Working	Ref
Never Worked	1.97 (0.93–4.18)
Not Working	2.81 (1.57–5.02)^**
Permanent Income Quintile
1^st	Ref
2^nd	1.01 (0.51–2.00)
3^rd	1.72 (0.98–3.03)
4^th	1.71 (0.88–3.32)
5^th	2.19 (1.11–4.31)^*
Functional Disability	1.05 (1.02–1.07)^***

Note. Analyses account for the clustered and stratified design.

Life-course categories represent childhood-adulthood-current residence. The rural-urban-rural and urban-rural-urban residence categories and other ethnicity category dropped out of the multivariable analysis due to an absence of depression cases.

p<0.05,

^**

p<0.01,

^***

p<0.001