Table 1. Ras mutation frequency and cancer-associated disease burden.
Mutation frequencies are based on COSMIC data together with selected publicly available COAD (H, K, N), READ (H, K, N), LUAD (K) and PAAD (K) data from the Foundation Medicine database (40,41,44). Mutation frequencies are applied to the most recent American Cancer Society data on cancer incidence (total patients) to estimate new cancer cases per year in the USA. The intensity of the shading highlights the relative frequency of the mutations and disease burdens for each cancer type.
| cancer types | HRAS | KRAS | NRAS | % mutated | Est. no. new patients/year (USA) | total patients | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mut. | tested | mut. | tested | mut. | tested | H | K | N | HRAS | KRAS | NRAS | *RAS | |||
| C.N.S. | GBM | 8 | 1,520 | 14 | 1,732 | 11 | 1,731 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 25 | 39 | 30 | 94 | 4,776 |
| LGG | 1 | 1,571 | 19 | 1,864 | 11 | 1,802 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 5 | 73 | 44 | 121 | 7,164 | |
| Head & Neck | HNSC | 180 | 3,507 | 95 | 4,833 | 52 | 3,192 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 3,320 | 1,272 | 1,054 | 5,646 | 64,690 |
| Endocrine | THCA | 85 | 3,881 | 78 | 4,690 | 279 | 4,734 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 5.9 | 927 | 704 | 2,494 | 4,125 | 42,323 |
| THCAA | 40 | 794 | 71 | 826 | 144 | 779 | 5.0 | 8.6 | 19 | 57 | 97 | 209 | 362 | 1,129 | |
| THCAF | 47 | 675 | 31 | 673 | 131 | 694 | 7.0 | 4.6 | 19 | 393 | 260 | 1,065 | 1,718 | 5,643 | |
| Thoracic | LUAD | 7 | 3,576 | 2,186 | 6,838 | 72 | 6,992 | 0.2 | 32 | 1.0 | 183 | 29,956 | 964 | 31,103 | 93,612 |
| LUSC | 8 | 1,273 | 193 | 4,849 | 10 | 1,748 | 0.6 | 4.0 | 0.6 | 441 | 2,794 | 402 | 3,637 | 70,209 | |
| Breast | BRCA | 38 | 6,329 | 108 | 8,109 | 22 | 5,902 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1,613 | 3,578 | 1,001 | 6,193 | 268,670 |
| Core G.I. | ESCA | 7 | 2,667 | 52 | 3,087 | 2 | 2,134 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 45 | 291 | 16 | 353 | 17,290 |
| STAD | 11 | 2,241 | 158 | 3,812 | 7 | 1,286 | 0.5 | 4.1 | 0.5 | 129 | 1,088 | 143 | 1,359 | 26,240 | |
| SIAD | 0 | 122 | 261 | 989 | 2 | 209 | 0.0 | 26 | 1.0 | 0 | 2,763 | 100 | 2,863 | 10,470 | |
| COAD | 59 | 11,400 | 5,749 | 11,400 | 484 | 11,400 | 0.5 | 50 | 4.2 | 486 | 48,999 | 4,083 | 53,568 | 97,220 | |
| READ | 4 | 1,936 | 978 | 1,936 | 79 | 1,936 | 0.2 | 50 | 4.1 | 103 | 26,063 | 2,116 | 28,282 | 51,610 | |
| Accessory G.I. | LIHC | 2 | 1,621 | 27 | 2,090 | 9 | 1,824 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 47 | 491 | 187 | 725 | 37,998 |
| CHOL | 0 | 757 | 530 | 2,345 | 32 | 882 | 0.0 | 23 | 3.6 | 0 | 954 | 153 | 1,107 | 4,222 | |
| GBC | 2 | 241 | 125 | 776 | 5 | 313 | 0.8 | 16 | 1.6 | 101 | 1,964 | 195 | 2,259 | 12,190 | |
| PAAD | 0 | 2,057 | 3,163 | 3,594 | 9 | 2,093 | 0.0 | 88 | 0.4 | 0 | 48,787 | 238 | 49,025 | 55,440 | |
| Genito-urinary | KIRC | 3 | 1,433 | 19 | 1,811 | 5 | 1,584 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 96 | 480 | 144 | 720 | 45,738 |
| BLCA | 219 | 3,136 | 129 | 2,565 | 31 | 2,296 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 1.4 | 5,670 | 4,083 | 1,096 | 10,849 | 81,190 | |
| Gynaecological | PRAD | 40 | 2,673 | 117 | 3,430 | 8 | 2,700 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 2,464 | 5,618 | 488 | 8,570 | 164,690 |
| OV | 2 | 938 | 259 | 2,974 | 17 | 1,046 | 0.2 | 8.6 | 1.6 | 47 | 1,914 | 361 | 2,323 | 22,240 | |
| UCEC | 4 | 1,657 | 380 | 2,256 | 22 | 799 | 0.2 | 17 | 2.8 | 147 | 10,224 | 1,671 | 12,042 | 60,701 | |
| CESC | 24 | 963 | 85 | 1,308 | 5 | 892 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 0.6 | 330 | 860 | 74 | 1,265 | 13,240 | |
| Skin | SKCM | 37 | 2,974 | 56 | 3,399 | 1,986 | 11,749 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 17 | 1,136 | 1,504 | 15,428 | 18,067 | 91,270 |
| Haem. | ALL | 4 | 856 | 265 | 3,400 | 358 | 3,715 | 0.5 | 7.8 | 9.6 | 28 | 465 | 574 | 1,067 | 5,960 |
| AML | 1 | 4,178 | 345 | 6,571 | 1,291 | 9,024 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 14 | 5 | 1,025 | 2,793 | 3,822 | 19,520 | |
| CML | 2 | 639 | 73 | 1,144 | 130 | 1,341 | 0.3 | 6.4 | 9.7 | 26 | 538 | 817 | 1,382 | 8,430 | |
| PCM | 3 | 367 | 178 | 1,006 | 209 | 1,082 | 0.8 | 18 | 19 | 252 | 5,444 | 5,944 | 11,639 | 30,770 | |
| estimated total new cancer cases per year (USA) | 18,075 | 202,327 | 43,884 | 264,286 | 1,414,644 | ||||||||||
| % total cancer patients | 1.3 | 14.3 | 3.1 | 18.7 | |||||||||||
C.N.S., central nervous system; G.I., gastrointestinal. GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; LGG, lower grade glioma; HNSC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; THCA, papillary thyroid carcinoma; THCAA, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma; THCAF, follicular thyroid carcinoma; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous cell carcinoma; BRCA, breast invasive carcinoma; ESCA, esophageal carcinoma; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma; SIAD, small intestine adenocarcinoma; COAD, colon adenocarcinoma; READ, rectal adenocarcinoma; LIHC, liver hepatocellular carcinoma; CHOL, cholangiocarcinoma; GBC, gallbladder carcinoma; PAAD, pancreatic adenocarcinoma; KIRC, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; BLCA, bladder urothelial carcinoma; PRAD, prostate adenocarcinoma; OV, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma; UCEC, uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma; CESC, cervical squamous carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma; SKCM, skin cutaneous melanoma; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; PCM, plasma cell myeloma.