Table 2.
Sleep and mood states of the respondents (total sample = 1138).
| Variablea | N (Weighted %)/Weighted Mean ± SD | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Sleep Condition since COVID-19 Outbreak | ||
| Sleep Quality (worse, or much worse) | 436 (38.3) | 35.5–41.1 |
| Sleep Initiation (worse, or much worse) | 339 (29.8) | 27.1–32.4 |
| Sleep Duration (shorter, or much shorter) | 331 (29.1) | 26.5–31.7 |
| Clinical Insomnia (ISI ≥10) | 340 (29.9) | 27.2–32.5 |
| Used Sleep Medication in the Past 1 Month | 105 (9.3) | 7.6–10.9 |
| ISI, ranged 0-28 | 7.2 ± 5.2 | 6.9–7.5 |
| Sleep Parameters | ||
| SOL, minutes (N = 1126) | 26.7 ± 32.8 | 24.8–28.6 |
| WASO, minutes (N = 1091) | 22.4 ± 44.5 | 19.8–25.1 |
| EMA, minutes (N = 1121) | 20.1 ± 37.4 | 17.9–22.3 |
| Duration of Insomnia, months (N = 596)b | 6.9 ± 18.7 | 5.4–8.4 |
| TST, hours (N = 1127) | 6.8 ± 1.3 | 6.7–6.9 |
| TIB, hours (N = 1114) | 7.7 ± 1.4 | 7.6–7.8 |
| SE, % (N = 1028) | 87.5 ± 12.9 | 86.7–88.3 |
| Interfered with Daily Life due to COVID-19 (much, very much) | 898 (78.9) | 76.4–81.3 |
| Low Mood (much, very much) | 435 (38.3) | 35.4–41.1 |
| Experiencing Stress (much, very much) | 512 (45.0) | 42.1–47.9 |
Abbreviations: N, number; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; SOL, sleep onset latency; WASO, wake after sleep onset; EMA, early morning awakening; TST, total sleep time; TIB, total time in bed; SE, sleep efficiency.
a
Data presented in Number (Weighted Percentage) or Weighted Mean ± Standard Deviation with 95% confidence interval.
b
Those who reported no insomnia symptoms were not included.